
Sexual Education Basics & Perspectives
Explore our range of topics in Sex Ed 101 designed to ignite your passions and bring healthy knowledge into your life. Click on each topic image for more details.
Communication
Practical Details
Safer Sex
Some Specifics
History of Cultural Attitudes & Sexuality
Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV & Aids
Sexuality Throughout the Lifespan
Erotica & Pornography
Myths & Stereotypes
Birth Control & Pregnancy
Sexuality & Health
Spirituality & Sex
Sex Work
Communication
Many people have difficulty talking to health care providers, counselors, partners, and perhaps even staff at Positive Passions about sexuality and sexual health for many reasons, even when they clearly are sexually active or are exploring ways of expressing their sexuality. Most people are not raised to discuss sexual matters openly, and when sexuality is taught, it is often done in negative terms. As people move through the stages of life, the dialogue regarding sex and sexuality will evolve and change; a conversation with a sexually active adolescent should differ significantly from a discussion with a married woman going through menopause.
Research suggests that communication about sex and sexuality with health care providers, counselors, and other professionals can improve sexual health. Effective communication has been correlated with increased use of condoms, whereas lack of communication about sex is a risk factor for HIV and STIs (sexually transmitted infections). Many service providers say they don’t broach sexuality issues because they lack the training and skills to deal with these concerns, are uncomfortable with the subject, fear offending the person, have no treatments or solutions to offer, or feel constrained by time. At the same time, 68 percent of people surveyed cited fear of embarrassing a service provider as a reason for not broaching sexuality issues. Clearly, discussing sexuality is difficult for many people – both those who provide service and people accessing services.
Communication between lovers is critical to healthy relationships. That said, there’s a world of difference between being pro-communication on paper and jumping the real-life hurdles in a real-life relationship. We’re raised to believe that sex shouldn’t be talked about. Some parents don’t provide any sex education at all for their kids, and those who do rarely even mention sexual diversity, various modes of sexual expression, and the communities that may be built around the sexually diverse individuals we work with. Without the words to discuss our sex lives, how will we live those lives responsibly? How can we learn those words?
History of Cultural Attitudes & Sexuality
The social construction of sexual behaviour — its taboos, regulation, and social and political impact — has had a profound effect on the various cultures of the world since prehistoric times.
The biological phenomenon that women become pregnant and give birth instead of men has shaped the formation of gender roles in world cultures. In the strict sense of "survival of the species", females are far more valuable than males. A single male can impregnate any number of females at once, while a single female is usually only impregnated by one male at a time. Even if there were only one man left on Earth, humankind could probably recover, depending on the man's health and fertility. The gene pool of the species would be somewhat impoverished, however, so the species would be less able to adapt to changes in its environment. On the other hand, if all but one female were wiped out, it is doubtful humanity could recover.
For this reason, classical anthropology claims that species survival has generally dictated that the male be the one to leave the cave, village, or home and go out and face "the dangerous world", and "bring home the bacon", while the female stayed in the safety of the home and took care of the offspring. However, research on hunter-gatherer societies shows that in terms of supplying food the females usually gather the far larger part of it.
In fact, it appears that even in early historical times, it was not clear that there was any male role in reproduction — there is no immediate correlation between sex and reproduction due to the delay in the obvious signs of pregnancy. It appears there were not even any male gods in the early Greek pantheon. However, all civilizations hit upon the concept of male reproduction and, even more importantly, male paternity, most likely from the correlation seen during the development of animal husbandry. The discovery of male paternity led to concepts such as male fathership of children, the importance of ensuring fidelity, the role of marriage as proof of paternity, and holding individual males responsible for the support of their offspring. This division has shaped many of the gender roles that survive to modern times. As humans have gained increased mastery of the environment, these divisions become less and less relevant, but change, while it is taking place, happens gradually.
Interestingly, while the reverse is often not true, much of the history of different-gender sexuality and romance may be read from the history of same-sex sexuality and romance. The term "homosexuality" was invented in the 19th century, with the term "heterosexuality" invented later in the same century to contrast with the earlier term. The term "bisexuality" was invented in the 20th century as sexual identities became defined by the predominate sex to which people are attracted and thus a label was needed for those who are not predominantly attracted to one sex. This points out that the history of sexuality is not solely the history of different-sex sexuality plus the history of same-sex sexuality, but a broader conception viewing of historical events in light of our modern concept or concepts of sexuality taken at its most broad and/or literal definitions.
Freud, among others, argued that neither predominantly different- nor same-sex sexuality were the norm, instead that what is called "bisexuality" is the normal human condition thwarted by society. A 1901 medical dictionary lists heterosexuality as "perverted" different-sex attraction, while by the 1960's its use in all forums referred to "normal" different-sex sexuality. In 1948 Alfred Kinsey published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, popularly known as the Kinsey Reports.
Homosexuality was deemed to be a psychiatric disorder for many years, although the studies this theory was based on were later determined to be flawed. In 1982 homosexuality was declassified as a mental illness in the United Kingdom. In 1986 all references to homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder were removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association.
The sexual revolution was a substantial change in sexual morality and sexual behaviour throughout the West in the late 1960s and early 1970s. One factor in the change of values pertaining to sexual activities was the improvement of the technologies used for the control of fertility. Prime among them, at that time, was the birth control pill. During the Sexual Revolution, the different-sex sexual ideal became completely separated from procreation, yet at the same time was distanced from same-sex sexuality. Many people viewed this freeing of different-sex sexuality as leading to more freedom for same-sex sexuality.
Although not the case in every culture, most religious practices contain taboos or fetishes in regard to sex, sex organs, and the reproductive process. With the rise of government and laws, personal behaviors, including sex, became increasingly politicized. The politics (and, therefore, laws) in regards to sex vary widely. In several countries (and different states of countries) there are or were, laws, both civil and religious, forbidding some sexual practices or to forbid sexual intercourse between partners of difference races. Laws that forbid engaging sex with a person younger than a fixed age are very common.
Scientific and technological advances have significantly affected the enjoyment and outcomes of sex, especially in recent history. Sex toys such as vibrators were introduced to the market in the late 1880s, some 10 years before domestic vacuum cleaners. More recently, internet sites dealing in sexual images developed the infrastructure for internet commerce well in advance of most other sectors. The evolution of various methods of birth control has also had a profound influence of society’s views on sex and sexuality, as have the emergence of reproductive technologies, such as donor insemination, infertility treatments, and in vitro fertilization.
Myths & Stereotypes
The messages we receive about sex from our parents, the media, and our educational, social, and religious institutions tend to be contradictory, and often downright false. One way to combat the lies we’re told about sex is to start cataloging them.
Below is a very incomplete list of some of the biggest lies we’re told about sex.
Sex is genetic: it’s the puppet-master and we’re lucky to be getting our strings pulled now and then.
Because procreation is tied to our species survival, evolutionary scientists and pop psychologists alike argue that the most important understanding of sexuality is the one that links our sexual behavior to procreation. Thus we are told that male sexuality is voracious and dangerous, that female sexuality is a side effect of the need for women to have babies, and that the psychological, emotional, and spiritual aspects of sexuality are not as important as the genetic ones. There is clearly a genetic component to sex, but that doesn’t mean that this is either the most useful or “truest” perspective from which to think about our sexuality.
Sex is natural and simple: you should just know how to do it.
Sex is natural, we’re told, because we have to do it to survive. But this doesn’t accurately describe what human sexuality has become. Intercourse may be instinctual for some (but clearly not all) of us, but sexuality is much more than intercourse, and none of it actually comes easily. It’s strange that we are taught how to perform most other basic human behaviors (how to eat, how to communicate, how to go to the bathroom) and as we get older we learn the more complicated ones (how to read, write, drive a car, work) and yet we’re just supposed to know how to have sex.
Sex is gender: men are from sex crazed mars women are from soft and romantic venus.
This lie takes many forms:
Women just want to cuddle, men want to have raunchy sex.
Women are sexual communicators, men can’t talk about their sexual feelings.
”Real sex” takes place between a man and a woman.
Men and women can’t ever be friends, sex always gets in the way.
Men want sex all the time, and women don’t.
Men are more visual than women when it comes to sexual arousal.
All of these are variations on the big double-shot sex lie; that sex is 100 percent tied to our gender, and we are all only one gender. The fact is that how we think about, feel about, and actually have sex is infinitely more complicated than which door we walk through in a public washroom.
Sex is spontaneous: don’t talk about it, just do it.
When you think of it, this lie about sex doesn’t make any sense. If sex is meant to be something fun and exciting, something that makes you feel good about your body and yourself, makes you feel loved and attended to, why would planning for sex ever be a bad thing? Wouldn’t it actually be nice to know you’re going to get to have sex at the end of a particularly hard day? Yet we’re told that the most exciting sex is the sex that “just happens”. In reality sex rarely “just happens”. It’s true that many couples never talk about sex beforehand, but that doesn’t mean that one (or more likely both) partners aren’t thinking about it, wondering when they’re going to have it next, and fantasizing about what kind of sex it will be.
Bigger is better, more is better…better is better.
These statements are true for some people, some of the time. The specific lie we’re told is that these things are true for everyone, all of the time. In reality people have size preferences that change depending on their mood and what sort of sex they want to have. Similarly, we all have different levels of sexual desire, and these levels can change throughout the month, and over the years. Finally, there is a more contemporary lie that tells us we should always be reaching for better sex, trying new things, pushing ourselves and our partners to attain new heights of great sex. Some researchers have pointed out that this competitive attitude can have the opposite effect, making us anxious and on edge about the sex we’re having.
Sex is special: it’s a rare transformative moment that only comes once in a while.
On the one hand it’s true that sex can be transformative and that some of us don’t get to have sex as often as we’d like, but on the other hand, sex is an incredibly common and regular occurrence. Yet many of us are raised to think of sex like it’s a non-renewable resource that’s about to dry up. If instead we put sex in its place among all our other activities of daily living and all the ways we communicate with the people around us, we might have a lot less anxiety about how we’re doing it, when we’re doing it, if we’re doing it right, and who we’re doing it with. Sex doesn’t need to be treated with kid gloves, it can take it, if we start to dish it out.
We can make it on our own: sexual agency is the same as sexual independence.
We can thank the mostly positive influence of the women’s movement on sexual expression for this subtle lie. What’s true is that we all have a right to sexual agency; to experience sexual pleasure on our own terms, think sexual thoughts, and have sexual desires separate from those around us. But the silent lie is that sexual agency equals complete independence. In truth, none of us are completely independent from those around us, and we rely on others in ways few of us acknowledge.
Among the few people who have managed to really figure this out are folks living with disabilities who require assistance with regular daily activities. When you rely on others for some form of help it becomes very apparent the way we are all connected. If you don’t, you can go through life imagining that you’d be fine without anyone around. Yet even masturbation, which is often fueled by sexual fantasy, requires some external stimulation (even if you’re only dreaming of the UPS guy or gal, they’re still involved to some extent).
There’s a right way and a wrong way to have sex.
Whether we’re being told we have to do it with someone else (masturbation isn’t “real” sex), we have to do it with someone of the opposite sex, we have to do it in a bed, 2.5 times a week, or some other form of this lie, there are no lack of people who want to feed you the lie that there is only one (or two) right ways to have sex. The truth is that there are no rules (beyond age and consent) to how you can have healthy and fun sex. Whenever you catch someone feeding you this lie, call them on it.
Great sex is all about…
Is it about sexual technique? Is it sexual communication? Is it the “spark”, or the bed sheets, or the sex toys, or the weather system? Amazon lists over 150 books with great sex in the title, each one offering you an endless stream of advice on what constitutes great sex. It’s no lie that great sex can be had, but the lie is that one person’s great sex will be your great sex. Great sex probably isn’t like a great chocolate chip cookie recipe, which works best if you follow the directions to the letter.
Learning more about sex can probably only add to your experience of good sex, but in the absence of any proof, I’m going to go out on a limb and suggest that great sex happens in the way you uniquely put it all together, not in following a step by step guide book written by someone whose main goal is to sell you a book.
Practical Details
The Physiology of Pleasure
Sexual pleasure involves a lot more than just what's in your — or your friend's — pants, but getting to know "the lay of the land" sure doesn't hurt. The truth is, we can experience more pleasure in our sexual encounters if we're better informed about genital sensation.
Here are a couple of maps to get you started.
Appearance
Genitalia — female, male, transgender, and intersexed — all vary greatly in size, shape, color, and response to stimulation.
The female external genitalia are referred to as the vulva. This includes the outer lips (or labia), the inner lips, the clitoris, and the vaginal opening.
Men's external genitalia consist of the penis and scrotum.
One to two people out of every thousand are born intersexed, yet surgeons alter most at birth. These individuals are born with genetic or hormonal variations that may affect their genitals, gonads and other characteristics. Intersexed people can have both female and male genitalia in varying combinations, or genitals that are ambiguous.
A transgender person is someone born with a body that doesn't accurately reflect the gender they feel themselves to be, and may possess any of the above sets of genitalia. Transgender and intersex folks may name or define their genitalia in any way they feel is accurate.
We're all born with bundles of nerve endings in different packages — how we think of them, what we do with them, and what feels great varies according to the individual.
Some transgender people choose to pursue hormone therapy and/or sexual reassignment surgery. In male-to-female surgery, the penis is turned inside out so that the walls of the vagina are the former penis shaft, and the sensitive corona of the penis is used to create the clitoris.
At present, female-to-male transsexuals can choose between two operations: phalloplasty and metoidioplasty. In phalloplasty a penis is surgically constructed from skin grafts and the clitoris is left at the base of the new penis (above the scrotum) to allow for sexual stimulation. Metoidioplasty involves releasing the testosterone-enlarged clitoris from its hood and creating a scrotum out of the labia majora. The resulting penis can be smaller than one built through phalloplasty but retains sensitivity, whereas a penis created through skin grafts can have limited sensation.
Hormones can be taken before or after surgery, and some folks opt to take hormones and have no surgery. The introduction of new hormones into a body causes a variety of physiological changes, including enlargement of the clitoris and shrinkage of the breasts (female to male) and enlargement of the breasts with shrinkage of the penis (male to female). While some transsexual and transgender people may experience a reduction of sex drive when they begin to take hormones, others will find that their level of arousal increases sharply. Often, these changes in sex drive occur in the first few years of hormone therapy, with the changes leveling out over time.
Pleasure Inside the Body
The walls of the vagina rest against each other most of the time, yet when aroused can expand to varying degrees to accommodate what feels best, from fingers to large dildos. The outer third is more sensitive than the rest of the vagina and responds well to friction and vibration; the inner two-thirds are smoother, contain fewer nerve endings and are more responsive to pressure and motion. When stimulated the vagina usually self-lubricates; however, lubrication should not necessarily be measured as a sign of arousal, since a woman's natural lubrication can vary for many reasons.
The G-spot is the spongy, ridged area on the front wall of the vagina (towards the bellybutton). It is loaded with nerve endings and is an erogenous zone for many women — yet for some, stimulation of this area may be irritating and unpleasant. The G-spot can best be massaged by inserting a finger, penis, or curved sex toy two to three inches into the vagina and stroking towards the front of the body with a "come hither" motion. Some women require quite a bit of pressure; it helps to use a lubricant so the pressure does not feel irritating. Of those who greatly enjoy this type of stimulation, some women experience an ejaculation of fluid upon orgasm or as part of arousal. This fluid is a product of the paraurethral sponge, is clear and odorless, and should not be confused with urine.
In the male, the prostate gland is comparable to the G-spot. The prostate is an internal organ that produces ejaculatory fluid and is tucked close to the root of the penis. Ejaculation is often considered the same as orgasm, yet some men can have orgasms without releasing ejaculatory fluid, and vice-versa. The prostate is a source of great pleasure for many men — some have orgasms from its stimulation alone — and it can be used to enhance genital stimulation, though for some this may feel unpleasant. The prostate can best be massaged by inserting a finger two to three inches into the anus and stroking towards the front of the body with a "come hither" motion, exactly as you would for a G-spot stroke within the vagina. When aroused, the prostate swells and hardens, becoming more receptive to firm stimulation.
Anal Pleasure
The anus, richly endowed with nerve endings, is the closest erogenous neighbor of the genitals and contracts rhythmically during orgasm. Stimulating the anus can indirectly stimulate the penile or clitoral legs (see next paragraph on external touching and masturbation), or can directly stimulate the prostate gland.
Inside, there are two sphincter muscles. The external muscle can be tensed at will, while the internal muscle can tense automatically, even if you are trying to relax. When stimulating the anus use plenty of lubrication and go very slowly, always listening to the feedback of the person who is being penetrated.
With the anus there are particular safety concerns. Rectal tissue is very thin and does not self-lubricate, so it can tear easily (make sure to use lots of lube), and it's important not to insert anything that might break or have sharp edges. Also, the involuntary expanding and contracting of the sphincter muscle can quickly pull in (as well as push out) anything you're inserting, so be sure that the item you use has a flared base to prevent it from "getting lost" in the anal canal. Not everyone enjoys anal stimulation, but those who do find it adds an extra dimension to their sexual repertoire.
External Touching & Masturbation
The clitoris and head of the penis contain concentrated bundles of nerve endings that respond pleasurably to touch and other types of stimulation. The clitoris is tucked under folds of skin where the top of the labia meet, and pulling back the skin will usually reveal what is referred to as the clitoral glans, or head. (In some women the glans is obscured by the hood.) The visible part of the clitoris is just the tip of the iceberg.
Directly beneath the surface of the glans is something that feels like a short rod of cartilage. This is the clitoral shaft. Inside the body, the clitoral shaft separates into two legs that extend in a wishbone fashion for about three inches on either side of the vaginal opening. The entire clitoris consists of erectile tissue just like the erectile tissue of the penis. During sexual arousal the tissue fills with blood, and the glans, shaft, and legs swell, becoming firm and sensitive. In many cases the swelling — or erection — of the clitoris is visible. Because of the internal position of the legs, when you stimulate the urethra, vagina, or anus, you indirectly stimulate the clitoris as well.
The head of the penis (also called the glans) is more sensitive than the shaft, particularly around the coronal ridge. The coronal ridge is comparable to the tip of the clitoris. Spongy erectile tissue and blood vessels run the length of the penis, and extend into the body. These separate into two legs, comparable to the legs of the clitoris. During sexual arousal erection may occur when this tissue fills with blood and the penis swells, becoming more firm and sensitive. Erection, however, is not always a measure of arousal. All men are born with a foreskin, a retractable nerve-rich hood covering the head of the penis. Some men are circumcised, meaning that this skin covering has been cut off. Since an uncircumcised glans is protected by a foreskin, it is usually more sensitive when exposed. Stimulation of the foreskin itself can be very pleasurable.
Some men find stimulation of the urethral opening — where urine comes out — pleasant, while others find it irritating. When a man is aroused, the urethral opening can lubricate itself with a clear substance called pre-ejaculate. The ridge of skin running from the underside of the head, down the shaft and along the middle of the scrotum to the anus is also sensitive to touch, and touching here can be quite pleasurable. Along this ridge you will find the frenulum, an erogenous band of tissue located just below the glans which is there to help contract the foreskin over the head of the penis. The frenulum is sensitive to fine touch and stimulation of this area can bring a man to erection or provide pleasure and orgasm without the need for an erection. Unfortunately, the frenulum is sometimes destroyed by circumcision.
The scrotum is the loose sac of skin and muscle hanging below the penis, containing the testicles. The testicles are very sensitive, and though even light tapping on them may be painful, for some men firm pressure, steady pulling, or squeezing the scrotum can feel good.
Many folks learn their capacity for pleasure and orgasm by investigating what feels good when they touch themselves. What feels right at a particular time or age may change, and masturbation techniques can be explored throughout the course of our lifetimes. No matter the physical stage of the individual, all people can have rewarding sex lives whether solo or partnered.
Female External Genitalia


Female Internal Genitalia
Male Genitalia

Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV & Aids
The easiest way to get a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is through unprotected sexual intercourse (ie. NOT using a condom, dental dam, or other barrier). STIs can be spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex as well as through outercourse.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is a very common STI that is caused by bacteria. If treated early, chlamydia can be cured with antibiotics. Chlamydia can be very serious if left untreated. In women, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause infertility, or to tubal pregnancy (pregnancy in the fallopian tubes instead of the uterus). In men, the infection may cause sterility (not being able to father a child). Symptoms may include an unusual discharge, however many men and women don't have any symptoms and can pass the infection without realizing it. If you are being treated for chlamydia your sex partner or partners should be treated as well. By taking a swap of the suspected infected area, physicians will be able to test for chlamydia.
Crabs/Pubic Lice or Scabies
Crabs are small lice that live in pubic hair and sometimes in the hair of the armpits, eyelashes, and eyebrows. You can get them by close physical contact with someone who has them, or by sharing bedding, towels, or clothes with someone who has them. You will feel intense itching caused when the lice bite you. You may also notice small black spots or minute bloodstains on your underwear. You can also feel their eggs — little bumps at the base of the hair.
Crabs can be cured by using a non-prescription lotion or shampoo that you can get from the drugstore, clinic, or your doctor. You will also need to use a fine-toothed comb or your fingernails to scrape the eggs off your hairs. Your sexual partner or anyone that you share clothing or a bed with will also need to get treated. After treatment, you need to wash all clothing, towels, and bedding in hot water to get rid of any eggs.
Scabies, often called "the Itch", are tiny mites, or members of the spider family. They are too small to see, but you will feel them as intense itching. The female lays her eggs inside the skin of the hands, wrists, or genital area. This leaves marks that look like scratches. The mites are spread through any body contact. Using a special lotion on the whole body will usually get rid of them.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterial infection and is easily passed from person to person during vaginal or anal intercourse, or oral sex. It can affect the penis, cervix (opening to the uterus), rectum or anus, throat, and eyes. Painful sex and urination or unusual discharge may be indications of a gonorrheal infection. Gonorrhea must be treated with antibiotics. If left untreated, it may cause serious health problems, including infertility, or it can cause blindness in a baby born to an infected woman. If you think you may be infected, a swab of the area may be tested. If you have gonorrhea, all your recent sex partners need to be tested too. You can tell partners yourself, or the Public Health Unit can do it for you without mentioning your name.
Herpes
Herpes is a common viral infection that is spread through skin to skin contact (including vaginal, anal, and oral sex) with an infected person. The virus may also be transmitted to a child during childbirth. The virus can cause blisters or sores; however a person can be infected with herpes without having any sores. Many people who are infected with herpes are not aware that they have it. Herpes can be spread to a sexual partner even if sores are not visible. The most risky time for sexual transmission of herpes to occur is when sores are present. The sores heal, but new outbreaks of sores can occur. Medications can help reduce the incidence of herpes sores, but herpes cannot be cured. However, herpes is a manageable infection. In some communities, herpes support groups operate to help people who are living with the infection.
HPV and Genital Warts
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a common viral infection that is spread through skin to skin contact with an infected person. Some forms of HPV cause genital warts. Other forms of HPV can lead to cervical cancer in women. It is important for women who have been diagnosed with HPV to get regular pap smears.
Health Canada has recently approved a vaccine against four strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). Marketed by Merck Frosst Canada under the name Gardasil, the new HPV vaccine has been shown to be effective against HPV strains 16 and 18, which cause 70% of cases of cervical cancer, and against HPV strains 6 and 11. In total, these four strains of HPV are thought to be the causes of 90% of cases of genital warts. Gardasil, which has been approved for girls and women aged nine to 26, and is available in Canadian pharmacies. The vaccine needs to be given in three does over a six-month period; each dose is expected to cost about $135. Gardasil is not yet currently covered by any provincial health plans.
Despite the availability of a vaccine, HPV cannot be cured with medication. HPV can be spread through sexual contact, even if a person does not have any visible warts. HPV may also be passed to a child during labour. Although the virus will still be in an individual's body, visible warts can be removed by a doctor. HPV is a manageable infection. In some communities, HPV support groups operate to help people who are living with the infection.
LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum)
LGV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that was, until recently, uncommon in industrialized nations. LGV is a bacterial infection that causes ulcers on the penis, vagina, vulva, sometimes the cervix and the anus. These sores can provide an opening for the contraction of other STI’s such as HIV, hepatitis, and other infections that can be transmitted through the bloodstream. LGV can be treated with antibiotics in its early stages in order to prevent more serious complications such as deformation of the rectum and/or genitals, swelling, or the increased risk of contracting other infections through the open sores.
The initial symptoms of LGV during the 3-30 day incubation period include a papule (an elevation of the skin) at the site of transmission that can quickly turn into an ulcer. The second stage of the infection involves the growth of a lesion, which is often accompanied with a fever. The third stage, which is often more common in females is scarring and permanent damage to the genital area. LGV is treated with antibiotics, which cure the infection and prevent tissue damage.
Syphilis
Syphilis is a serious disease that is caused by bacteria. Syphilis can be spread from person to person during vaginal or anal intercourse, or oral sex. Syphilis must be treated with antibiotics. If left untreated, syphilis can lead to permanent damage to your heart or brain, and can even cause death. It can also pass from a pregnant woman to her fetus, causing birth defects.
There are 3 stages to syphilis infection. The first signs of syphilis appear a few weeks after exposure and include a red sore or sores. Even though the sores disappear in a few weeks, the bacteria are still in the body and will begin to cause other problems including fatigue, fever and a skin rash. These symptoms will also disappear, but the bacterium is still attacking parts of your body.
The only way to know if you have syphilis is to get a blood test. You will need follow-up blood tests after treatment to make sure you are cured. If you find out you have syphilis, all of your sex partners must be tested and treated too. You can tell partners yourself, or the Public Health Unit can tell them for you without mentioning your name.
Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis, also called "trich", is caused by a parasite that is usually passed from person to person during sexual contact. The parasite can also live up to 24 hours on wet clothing or towels, so it may be possible to pass it on by sharing these items. By taking a swab of the vagina, the sample may be tested and diagnosed. Trichomoniasis can be treated with medication. It is important that you and your sexual partner be treated at the same time, or trich will pass back and forth between partners.
Vaginal Infections and Yeast
The vagina is always wet with fluid. This fluid is usually clear and white, and has very little smell. If there is an unusual discharge from the vagina (unusual colour or consistency, strong smell, excessive amount of discharge, discharge mixed with blood, or itching) there may be a fungal imbalance in the vagina. There are different types of vaginal infections. One of the most common vaginal infections is caused by an overgrowth of yeast.
If you think you have a vaginal infection, you can get tested and treated by a doctor. If you have never had a yeast infection before, it is best to see a doctor. A sample of the discharge is taken by a swab and analyzed. If you know you have a yeast infection, you can get an over the counter treatment at the drugstore. If an infection doesn't clear up with treatment or if it comes back again, see a doctor. Sometimes, your sexual partner will need to be treated too, to stop the infection from being passed back and forth.
Here are some things you can do to help prevent vaginal infection:
Keep the outside of the vagina clean and dry.
Avoid perfumed or scented soaps, douches, tampons, sanitary napkins, sprays, or bath bubbles and oils.
Wear cotton underpants and pantyhose with a cotton-lined crotch.
Don't wear clothes or pajamas that are too tight in the crotch and thighs.
Avoid intercourse that hurts.
Use a water based lubricant if more lubrication is needed.
Avoid sugar and caffeine.
HIV/AIDS
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, and HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. A person who has AIDS has one or more of about 21 different AIDS-related illnesses, or “opportunistic infections”. Having HIV is also called being "HIV-positive". HIV spreads through your body and attacks your immune system. This means that your body can't fight off illnesses. There is no known cure, but the infection can be treated with antiretroviral medications which allow people to live longer, healthier lives.
HIV is carried in blood, semen, fluids from the vagina, and breast milk. HIV can enter your body through even the tiniest cut or opening. People usually don't have any signs when they get HIV. Some people live for many years without getting AIDS-related illnesses. But people who have the HIV virus can pass it on through unprotected sexual activity or needle sharing even if they appear healthy! The virus can be also passed from an infected woman to her fetus, or by an infected mother who is breastfeeding her baby, although with specialized medical care the risk of mother-to-child transmission can be as low as 1 – 2%.
You cannot get HIV through ordinary, day-to-day contact or touching a person who has AIDS, or through sharing cooking utensils. You won't get it by taking care of an infected person, and you can't get it by donating blood. Many sexual practices cannot spread HIV and are perfectly safe. Hugging, necking, petting and mutual masturbation are part of safer sex.
The only way to know if you have HIV is to get your blood tested for HIV antibodies; this test can be done by asking for it at any doctor’s office. In some places, you can also get an Anonymous HIV test where you don't have to give your name or health card number – in Saskatoon, this is done by appointment only at the Public Health Services Sexual Health Clinic, located on Idylwyld Drive at 24th Street. Their phone number is (306)655-4642.
Birth Control & Pregnancy
Birth Control
There are many different forms of birth control available in Canada. There is no way to determine which is the ‘best form’ of birth control because everyone is different. Physical attributes, lifestyle, and personality all contribute to whether a certain type of contraception will work for an individual. So, instead we talk about fitting an individual with the best form of birth control for them. When choosing a form of contraceptive there are many things to be aware of and to consider, including:
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Personal and family health history.
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Potential side effects and drug interactions.
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Suitability with your lifestyle (for example, can you remember to take a pill everyday or are you willing to plan ahead to use a diaphragm?)
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Cost.
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Availability.
For updated information regarding the various methods of birth control, their side effects, accessibility, and other information, visit Sexual Health Centre Saskatoon’s website: http://www.sexualhealthcentresaskatoon.ca/bc/birth_home.htm - SHCS also offers low-cost birth control at their office and clinic. For more information, call 244-7989 or visit their website.
Emergency Contraceptive Pill (ECP)
Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECP) are a high dose birth control pill given by prescription. The most commonly used pill brand is Ovral. It will be prescribed in two doses of two pills each (total 4 pills). The first dose must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse. The second dose is taken 12 hours after the first dose. The sooner after unprotected sex ECP is taken, the more effective it is.
How it works . . .
Depending on where a woman is in her cycle, ECP will either:
1. Prevent ovulation
2. Prevent fertilization of an egg
3. Stop a fertilized egg from implanting into the uterine wall
All of the above occur before implantation, which, medically speaking, means that pregnancy does not occur. However, a woman should be clear on how this method works as some people feel that a fertilized egg does mean a pregnancy. Once the egg is implanted, ECPs will not work. They will not abort an established pregnancy.
Who shouldn’t take it . . .
Most women can use ECPs safely, even women who can’t normally take the birth control pill.
What are the side effects . . .
ECPs will sometimes cause nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, cramping, and/or breast tenderness.
Where to get it . . .
Women can access ECP at Sexual Health Centre Saskatoon (SHCS). They have two types. One is free and one costs $15.00. There are other places in Saskatoon where women can access ECPs at no charge (e.g. City Hospital, Royal University Hospital, some clinics). Always ask for a pro-choice Doctor. It is also available by prescription at most pharmacies. SHCS has a complete listing of where to get ECPs.
Pregnancy and Options
Decision-making around a pregnancy can be a stressful time. You have options. Make sure you know all of your choices and decide what you feel comfortable with before making your decision.
Women of all ages, races, religions, economic, and marital status can be faced with an unplanned pregnancy. A woman may become pregnant because of inaccessible, unaffordable, or unreliable birth control methods — no birth control method is 100% effective. Sometimes women find it difficult to assert themselves in sexual situations and consequently are not able to protect themselves by using adequate birth control. Women may become pregnant against their will due to rape, incest, or other kinds of sexual coercion.
A change in a woman’s life situation may cause her to re-evaluate her decision regarding her pregnancy. Deciding whether to have a baby, adopt out or have an abortion can be a difficult decision. A woman needs to decide what she believes is responsible, moral, and best for her depending on her needs, resources, commitments, and plans for the future. When making a decision about an unplanned pregnancy, all women deserve emotional support and a chance to reflect on accurate information.
If a woman is faced with an unplanned pregnancy she has three options:
-Continue the pregnancy and parent the child.
-Continue the pregnancy and make adoption plans for the child.
-End the pregnancy (abortion).
Some women know almost immediately what they will do once they discover they are pregnant; for others the decision isn’t so clear. Although ultimately the decision is hers to make, there are various agencies and services that are available to offer information and support in choosing the option that is best for her.
The following list of questions is intended to promote thought about some of the issues women might want to keep in mind while making their decision.
Questions to consider...
How do you feel about being pregnant?
Do you know what your three options are?
How much information do you know about your three options?
Do you have any religious or moral beliefs that will affect your decision?
How important are these beliefs compared to your other values and goals?
What are your future plans?
How will they be affected by each of the three options?
What is your financial situation?
How would it be affected by each of the three options?
Do you know about help available to you in the community such as financial, legal, and counseling support?
What is your relationship with the father of your baby?
Have you discussed your options with the father?
Will the father be supportive of your decision both emotionally and financially?
Do you want your family and/or friends to have any input in your decision?
A woman may find that she is faced with pressure from her partner, family, or friends to make a decision that they think is right. A woman may listen to what they are saying, but it is most important that she listen to her own feelings. She is the one who will be most affected by her decision.
Deciding to Parent
If a woman decides to parent, there are agencies in the community that offer many services to parents and their children. These services include: prenatal classes, parenting programs, housing assistance, financial and legal assistance, childcare and childcare subsidies, education and skill development.
Many second hand shops sell inexpensive adult and children’s clothes and furniture. Accept offers from family and friends to help with clothes, furniture, childcare, and meals. Look for help and support from as many people as possible during your pregnancy and especially once the baby is born.
During pregnancy is the time to get information about feeding, diapers, and other baby needs. Keep in mind that babies really only need the most basic clothes and equipment. If there is love and attention, warmth, food, and dry diapers the baby will thrive.
It is hard to be a new mother or father no matter what their age, financial situation or relationship. A demanding baby can be really stressful. It is normal to feel overwhelmed. Find ways to get a break from a fussy baby by asking family or friends for help. Try to make some time for yourself.
The Parent Help Line (1-800-603-9100 or www.parentsinfo.sympatico.ca) is a free 24-hour telephone and Internet service that gives parents a place to turn to for any parenting concerns.
Deciding on Adoption
Some women want to continue the pregnancy through to childbirth but feel for various reasons they are not able to give a child the necessary care and support it will need. They may feel they could not raise a child at this point in their lives. These women may decide that the best alternative is to place the baby for adoption.
Different Kinds of Adoption
There are a few different kinds of adoptions: Confidential/private, Mediated/semi-open, fully disclosed/open, and independent adoption. Each varies in levels of contact between birth and adoptive parents.
Confidential/Private: Minimal information is shared between adoptive and birth family members and is never transmitted directly; exchange of information stops with the adoptive placement.
Mediated/Semi-open: Non-identifying information is shared between parties through adoption agency personnel, who serve as go-betweens. Sharing could include the exchange of pictures, letters, gifts or infrequent meetings at which full identifying information is not revealed.
Fully Disclosed/Open: Involves full disclosure of identifying information between adoptive and birth families; may involve direct meetings in each others’ homes or in public places, phone calls, letters, and sometimes contact with the extended family.
Adoptions in Saskatchewan can be arranged privately (through a lawyer, when you know a couple you would like to adopt your baby) or through the Department of Community Resources (Saskatchewan government). If you’d like to work through the Department of Community Resources, contact the Teen and Young Parent Program, at 933-7751.
For more information about adoption, you can contact the local Department of Community Resources at 933-5961, or the Family Support Centre (also the number for the Teen and Young Parent Program) at 933-7751. Another good resource is the Adoption Support Centre of Saskatchewan. You can reach them at 665-7272, or toll free at 1-866-869-ASCS (2727), or online at http://www.sasktelwebsite.net/adoption/.
Deciding on Abortion
Abortions are safest when they are performed early in the pregnancy (between 7-13 weeks from the first day of a woman’s last menstrual period). In Saskatchewan abortion is available up to the 16th week of pregnancy (12 weeks in Saskatoon, 16 weeks in Regina) and is covered under Saskatchewan Health. Outside of Saskatchewan: Alberta up to 20 weeks (covered by SaskHealth) and in some clinics in the United States up to 24 weeks (not covered).
If abortion is one of the options a woman is considering, she should be aware there are agencies and groups strongly opposed to this option. Check carefully when she is calling for help. Ask what the agency’s policy is regarding abortion. Look for an agency that will respect your right to choose.
Warning: All abortions must be performed by an experienced doctor under sterile conditions. Abortions that are self-induced or performed by unqualified people are extremely dangerous and sometimes fatal.
1Adapted from: “Communication and Sexuality” at Gay Men Play Safe (http://www.gaymenplaysafe.com/sexinfo/communication.php).
2This section adapted from “History of Human Sexuality”, retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/History_of_sex
3Source: Lies We’re Told About Sex, by Cory Silverberg. http://sexuality.about.com/ od/sexinformation/a/sex_lies.htm
4Source: “The Physiology of Pleasure”, http://www.goodvibes.com/Content--The-Physiology-of-Pleasure--id-735.
5Adapted from: “Sexually Transmitted Infections”, Canadian Federation for Sexual Health (http://www.cfsh.ca/ppfc/content.asp?articleid=479).
6Adapted from “Pregnant and Undecided: It’s Your Choice”, published by Sexual Health Centre Saskatoon (http://www.sexualhealthcentresaskatoon.ca/preg/preg_home.htm).
7Adapted from “Pregnant and Undecided: It’s Your Choice”, published by Sexual Health Centre Saskatoon (http://www.sexualhealthcentresaskatoon.ca/preg/preg_home.htm).
Safer Sex
It's easy to have sex safely without sacrificing a good time.
Here are our tips for staying healthy while having fun.
General Guidelines
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Use condoms for intercourse (vaginal and anal).
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Use a latex or polyurethane barrier during all types of oral sex.
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Use latex or polyurethane gloves or finger cots for hand or finger penetration of the vagina or anus.
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Use condoms on sex toys used by more than one person for any type of penetration (change the condom for each person) or on toys that go from anus to vagina, changing the condoms between insertions.
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Use only water-based or silicone-based lubricants with latex products. Oil of any kind, Vaseline and hand lotion included, destroys latex. Steer clear of so-called "water-soluble" lubes, which frequently contain oil.
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Although lubricants containing spermicides like nonoxynol-9 have been said to provide extra protection against viruses and bacteria, we recommend avoiding it. Some people are sensitive to it, and some studies have shown that nonoxynol-9 actually increases the chances of bacterial infection or contracting a virus from your partner.
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Store latex products in a cool, dry place.
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Never re-use latex products. Avoid using them after the expiration date (or five years after the manufacture date).
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If you or your partner are allergic or sensitive to latex products, do not touch them. Instead, add or use non-latex alternatives: polyurethane condoms; non-latex dental dams and non-latex gloves.
Condoms
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Use only latex or polyurethane condoms. Natural skin (lamb intestine) condoms are not effective barriers to viruses.
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When putting condoms on, pinch the air from the reservoir tip and roll onto the penis or toy. (A trapped air bubble can cause the condom to break.) Uncircumcised men should pull their foreskins back to help prevent the condom from slipping. A drop of lube inside the tip of the condom can enhance sensation for the wearer.
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The actual variation in condom size is slight, but features vary from brand to brand — experiment to see which you like best!
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Most condoms are lubricated with either a "wet" gel or a "dry" silicone powder. Can't stand the taste of the lubricant? Try a non-lubricated brand, or a flavored brand. You may also want to try using a water-based flavored gel or lube.
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Add lubricant when using a condom during intercourse to reduce friction and the chance of breakage.
Dental Dams
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Dental dams are pieces of latex or polyurethane originally designed for dentists to use during dental procedures (hence the name). However, many sex educators find them useful as barriers during oral/vaginal or oral/anal sex. A cut-open condom or glove works, too.
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Add lubricant to the lickee's side to help increase sensation. To avoid accidentally reversing the dam, keep track of which side of the dam is whose (a mark with a pen can help).
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If you find dams too small, use long sheets of kitchen plastic wrap. No studies have yet shown the effectiveness of plastic wrap as a barrier to viruses and bacteria, but many health educators believe it is effective — it's at least much safer than going without!
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For more information about dams, see FAQ: Dental Dams below.
FAQ: Dental Dams
What are these little squares of latex and what am I going to do with them?
Please realize that dental dams were not originally designed for what you have in mind. Dentists use them to isolate a tooth from the tongue, other teeth and gums during dental procedures. However, some sensual individual (perhaps a creative dental hygienist), thought of using dams for cunnilingus (oral contact with female genitals) and analingus (oral/anal contact). And so, a new method of playful, safer sex was born.
How do I use them?
Hold the dam against your partner's genitals while you lick, kiss, or suck the covered area. Either of you can hold the dam in place during these activities. This may sound easier than it actually is, since it's sometimes difficult to hold the dam firmly in place once the juices start flowing. But with a sense of humor, and a little patience, you can have a lot of fun practicing.
What if the dam slips off?
Because dams tend to become slippery and slide around, we recommend that you have several dams nearby and ready for use. Mark the dams on one side with a pen, so that if the dam gets set aside during passionate foreplay, you'll know which side is for the licker and which for the lickee. Better yet, use a fresh dam and avoid the possibility of exchanging body fluids. We strongly advise that you throw the dam away after one use.
Now the real challenge: How can I get my partner to use the dams? I'm not so sure about them myself.
Practice alone first. Put the whole dam in your mouth. Lick it. How does it taste? Better you should make that funny face now than when your face is between your lover's legs. If the dam's flavor bothers you, wash it with a mild soap and rinse it thoroughly or use a flavoured lube. Touch yourself with the dam, brush it against your face, tickle and rub your genitals with it, snap it against your skin. We encourage you to play with the dams until you are embarrassed by how much you are enjoying them.
How can I start talking with my partner about using dams?
Dams are a great tool for starting a conversation about safer sex. Having them handy and being able to talk about using them shows a concern for yourself and others. When you feel the time is right — we suggest a non-sexual setting, for instance during dinner — tell your lover or potential lover about the fun you've been having with dental dams.
Have a dam handy so you can show the person what you're talking about. Spark curiosity — offer to share your toy and be the safer sex coach. Ask this person's feelings about safer sex and listen to the response. Often just talking about your feelings, whether you're shy, embarrassed, intimidated, or excited, can ease any tensions. Be prepared to negotiate around safer sex alternatives which are acceptable to both of you. Explore and have fun!
Gloves and Finger Cots
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Gloves are thin, resilient and transmit sensation and temperature beautifully. They make rough hands with jagged nails sleek and smooth — especially important for anal play.
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Gloves make washing up between anal and vaginal play unnecessary — simply change your gloves.
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Finger cots, which resemble mini-condoms, are convenient barriers when one finger is being used for penetration, or for small sex toys.
The “Female” Condom
The “female” condom is cylindrical with a soft ring at each end, and is worn by the receptive partner for vaginal or anal intercourse. It's polyurethane, so it is safe for those with latex allergies. The “Female” Condom has been quite the advancement in the area of safer sex. However, its appearance, instructions for use, and other practical considerations can be overwhelming.
Here are a few points to consider:
Pros:
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A woman can take responsibility for its use — especially good for those whose partners resist using male condoms or for those couples who want to share equally in all safer sex responsibilities.
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It can be inserted before a sexual encounter begins.
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It rests outside the vagina and may help protect the external genitalia from sexually transmitted conditions.
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A male partner may find the loose fit of the female condom gives him increased sensation.
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It is not made of latex, so can be used by those with a latex sensitivity and by those who wish to use oil-based lubricants.
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Some women may like the feeling of the outer ring rubbing against the clitoris.
Cons:
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The outer ring may be irritating as it rubs against the labia, urethra, and/or clitoris.
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The inner ring must be placed carefully or the condom may twist.
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It may require more lubrication for successful use. If the condom isn't lubricated sufficiently it can cling to the penis, twisting or even turning inside out.
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It's made of a plastic material that may be noisy during intercourse.
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You must be careful not to insert the penis or dildo between the condom and vaginal wall.
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Ejaculate can leak out of the condom unless it is removed carefully.
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The outer ring may need to be held in place to keep the condom from slipping into the vagina.
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The inner ring is "one size fits most" and may cause discomfort for some people.
If you use the female condom for anal intercourse:
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Take special care that the outer ring stays outside the body and doesn't slip into the anus.
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The insertive partner may have to keep thrusts shallow; the condom isn't as long as the rectum. Thrusting too deeply will stress the condom (possibly resulting in breakage) or push it into the rectum.
Sexuality Throughout the Lifespan
Each person is a sexual being with normal desires to be loved and touched.
Although feelings about experiences with sexuality may change as we age, all humans are sexual beings.
It is essential to know that sexuality involves a lot more than just sexual activity.
A person is still a sexual being even if they are not sexually active.
Sexuality encompasses:
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Our gender identity and orientation.
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Feelings of attraction.
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The way(s) we choose to be intimate with others.
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Our personal body image.
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Our sense of right and wrong (i.e. values) and how this influences our behaviour(s).
Sexuality and Pregnancy
The body undergoes so many changes during pregnancy, and sexuality is no different.
Here is a look at the physical and emotional changes that might occur in each trimester:
First Trimester
Emotional Changes:
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You and your partner may find your desire for sex increased because for once you do not have to think about birth control.
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You may find that you are conflicted about sex as your mental images of yourself changes to a more motherly view.
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Some women find themselves preoccupied by the thought of sex, including dreams and strange fantasies.
Physical Changes:
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Your breasts may be sensitive, causing your either increased pleasure or pain. The first trimester is when your breast undergoes the fastest changes.
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Nausea and fatigue may diminish your sexual appetite.
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Threatened miscarriage may limit the amount of intercourse or orgasms you may have.
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Orgasms may seem to linger, causing a feeling of tension in your vagina and clitoris.
Second Trimester
Emotional Changes:
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Many women feel sexy with their new figures, particularly if they are feeling less sickly than in the first trimester.
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Dads may be fearful of hurting the baby, or of the baby "knowing" what is going on, particularly once the baby has started moving and he can feel the movements.
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Some dads are jealous of the baby's closeness with the mother.
Physical Changes
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The vagina is more lubricated and the clitoris and vagina are more engorged.
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Many women will become orgasmic or multi-orgasmic for the first time during pregnancy because of this added engorgement.
Third Trimester
Emotional Changes:
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Mom may be concerned that her body is repulsive to her partner, or that her figure may never return.
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To the contrary, most men are actually aroused by their wife's blossoming figure. Communication is essential for a healthy sex life, at all points of life.
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Mother is becoming more fatigued making timing difficult.
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Positioning. Well, all I can say is be creative! Everyone has a different belly, so try different positions until you find one that works for you both. Remember mom shouldn't lie on her back; she needs to be at least tilted to one side. Woman on top positions are great for the end of pregnancy as are spooning or rear entry.
Physical Changes
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Uterus will occasionally have spasms lasting upwards of one minute during orgasms, this is different from contractions.
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Contractions may occur near your due date after sex for about half an hour.
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Because of all the engorgement in the vagina and clitoris, orgasm may not relieve the sexual tension you feel.
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If your baby's head is deep in the pelvis you may have pain or spotting during or after sex, this is normal. Try using shallow penetration (rear entry position offer this benefit).
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Sex will not start labor if your cervix is not ripe, so the average woman does not have to worry about preterm labor.
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Remember this special time in a woman’s life, and she should be able to enjoy herself fully during pregnancy. There are very few things a pregnant woman can't do sexually. If a woman and/or her spouse are having problems, their health care practitioner may advise to limit intercourse or orgasm. The one thing that should never be done is to blow air into the vagina, as it may cause a placental air embolism.
Children and Sexuality
Within North American culture, childhood sexuality remains an area that has been largely avoided in parent education and unexplored by researchers. Childhood is widely seen as a period of asexual innocence. Strong taboos continue concerning childhood eroticism, and childhood sexual expression and learning are still divisive social issues. This general ambiance of anxiety associated with the sexuality of children is probably understandable, given the general history of sexuality in North America, with its focus on heterosexual adult sex within committed intimate relationships, and its opposition to other sexual expressions.
Understanding one's sexuality is a lifelong process.
There are, however, developmental markers for what children need to know about sexuality — from infancy through adolescence. These guideposts can help parents, caregivers, and educators decide when a discussion of a given subject is age-appropriate. They include information and concepts about sexuality and reproduction that children need to learn at different ages.
With the information and sets of skills outlined below, children are more likely to feel good about their sexuality and make the best possible choices for themselves, their partners, and their futures.
Early Childhood (birth – 3 years):
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Learns about love and trust through touching and holding
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Sucking (need for oral satisfaction)
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Spontaneous reflexive responses
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Males: erections of penis
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Females: vaginal lubrication
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Gender identity develops (child knows “I am a boy” or “I am a girl”)
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Sex role conditioning (boys and girls are treated differently)
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Exploration of own body (hands, feet, genitals)
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May enjoy nudity
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Toilet training
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Curiosity about differences between boys’ and girls’ bodies
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Curiosity about parents’ bodies
Late Childhood (4 – 8 years):
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Childhood sexual play (e.g. Doctor)
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Sex role learning: how to behave like a girl or boy
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Learns sex words: “bathroom vocabulary”
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Asks question about pregnancy and birth
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Begins to distinguish acceptable and unacceptable behaviour
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Possibility of masturbation
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Becomes modest about own body
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Media influences understanding about male/female family roles
Early Adolescence (9 – 11 years):
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Puberty begins (growth of genitals, breast development, etc.)
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Possibility of masturbation
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Closeness of same sex friends
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Possibility of body exploration with others
Adolescence
Adolescence is a time of tremendous opportunity and change. Becoming a sexually healthy adult is one of the most important developmental tasks of adolescence. However, one of the most sensitive issues associated with adolescence is this very topic. Due to this, adolescents receive inadequate education, guidance, and services that help them make the transition to adulthood. Often, however, they are denied complete access to reproductive health information and services. With their limited knowledge about their bodies and their sexuality, adolescents may find themselves vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases and infections, including HIV/AIDS, as well as substance use, sexual exploitation, and violence.
Adolescence (12 – 18 years):
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Puberty changes (physical and emotional) occur
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Menstruation or sperm production begins
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Possibility of masturbation
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Pleasure from kissing and touching
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Greater awareness of being sexually attracted to others
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Possibility of sexual activity
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Possibility of pregnancy or impregnating
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Possibility of contraception and sex safety decisions
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Strong need for independence
Sex Over 50
Sexuality and sensuality are an important part of the aging process. Most people want and need to be close to other people. We want to touch and be touched, both physically and emotionally. As we grow older, some of us become more attuned to our sensuality — our ability to be fully present in each moment and to notice the smells, textures, and sounds that enhance our lives. How sensual you are plays a key role in your overall ability to derive pleasure from life.
Physical closeness and companionship are important to most seniors. Just being physically near is important, but many of us also want to continue an active, satisfying sex life as we grow older.
As people age they often worry about their sexual performance. Some may feel that at a certain age sex is no longer appropriate — that sex is for the young. Others are embarrassed about their lack of sexual "performance" and begin to back away from regular sexual encounters. Sometimes illness or loss of a partner interferes with sexuality. Without appropriate information, and sometimes professional help, a temporary situation can often turn into a permanent one.
However, given good health and a willing partner, studies show that both men and women can enjoy sex for as long as they wish. All it takes is a willingness to learn and compensate for some of the normal changes of aging, and to ask for professional help when needed. With proper information and support, your midlife and later years can be an exciting time to explore the emotional and sensual aspects of your sexuality.
How Does Our Sexuality Change as we Age?
Young men and women often find that although the physical aspects of their sexuality are strong, they have difficulty with timing and frequency of desire. Research has shown that the typical young male sexual cycle builds quickly and climaxes quickly, while a women's sexual arousal tends to build more slowly. Additionally, young male sexuality tends to be more physically based, while women want more of an emotional connection during their lovemaking.
As we age, however, the relationship aspects of our sexuality often become a more important aspect of our sexual expression. As physical sexuality changes, couples can explore new ways to stimulate each other by being more intentional about creating a romantic atmosphere for lovemaking with candles, romantic music, sensual massages etc. They may wish to explore new aspects of their sexuality through erotic reading, sex toys, or videos. For couples with families, the later years provide the time and freedom to cultivate "love nests," something that might not have been possible in a house ruled by young children, carpools, sports schedules, and the many other demands of raising a family.
Being informed about the normal changes of aging and the many options for supporting our sexuality is much easier than it was a generation ago. More information is available on the Internet, in books, and from the medical community. Also, more middle-aged and older adults feel freer to discuss sexuality with their friends and learn from and support each other. Openly discussing your sexual needs and desires, particularly with your spouse or partner, becomes even more important as you age.
Several physiological changes of aging can affect your sexuality, as outlined below.
Women
The major changes that women experience during midlife are related to diminishing hormonal production. This accounts for the symptoms of perimenopause (the time when monthly periods begin to change) and menopause (after monthly periods cease) experienced by many women.
Common symptoms include:
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Lower libido and/or slowing of sexual arousal
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Hot flashes and/or night sweats
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Sleep disturbances
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Emotional changes such as irritability, mood swings, or depression
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Vaginal dryness and itching
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Increased sensitivity to sounds
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Dry skin
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Weight gain and/or food cravings
Men
Men often find that it takes them longer to have an erection as they get older. They also find that their erection doesn't last as long, and that it takes longer for them to have another erection once they climax. Men who do not know that this is normal become overly concerned, leading to even more "dysfunction" from the increased anxiety.
What can be done to adapt to these changes?
Women
If you are experiencing any of the symptoms related to menopause, it is important to educate yourself. Sometimes women feel like they are the only ones "going crazy," or that they should be able to get through these things by themselves. Fortunately there is more information available to us today than there was a generation ago, and you can learn a lot from internet research, books, magazines, and open discussions with female friends.
Using a water-based lubricant during sex can usually help one of the most common sexual problems related to menopause: vaginal dryness. Additionally, hormone replacement therapy (HRT, available in pills, patches, creams, or vaginal rings) can help many women decrease vaginal dryness and other menopause related symptoms. However, with the latest research showing HRT to be associated with higher risks of heart attack, stroke, breast cancer, and gall bladder problems, many women are reluctant to take estrogen. You may want to explore one or more of the many alternative or complementary health care supplements now available. Talk to your doctor about the best approach for your particular symptoms and feelings.
If you feel that your low libido may be related to stress, anxiety, depression, past traumas, or other emotional issues, this may be a good time to see a mental health professional. Be sure to let the person know that you are dealing with sexual issues and ascertain whether they have expertise in this area of psychology. You may also find that exploring other interests and activities, like taking a dance class, learning how to meditate, or doing yoga can have a positive effect on mood and help enhance your sexuality and sensuality. Some women have found that a medical provider who specializes in female sexual dysfunctions can be helpful.
Men
As men age, they need more direct physical stimulation to get an erection. Often, taking more time during lovemaking, exploring new ways of expressing love, and not focusing on "performance" are enough to break the cycle of tension and allow men to enjoy lovemaking again. Lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical exercise, eating a more nutritious, well-balanced diet, stopping smoking, decreasing alcohol intake, and reducing stress can enhance sexuality.
When more frequent problems arise, or when a man is unable to get or maintain an erection, medical intervention may be helpful. Men sometimes think the problem is their fault, or have been told that the problem is psychological. We now know that over 80% of the time impotence or erectile dysfunction (ED) is caused by a physical problem.
If you are having trouble maintaining your erection, you are not alone. It is estimated that 5% of 40-year-old men and 15-25% of 65-year-old-men experience erectile dysfunction. To explore solutions, it is important to not only talk openly with your partner, but also to seek help from your health care provider. A physical exam and lab tests can help pinpoint the cause of your ED, and help determine the best way to help. The now very well known drug Viagra and other similar medications are helpful to 60-75% of the men who try them. Mechanical devices and surgeries are other options to discuss with your physician.
Sometimes illnesses and the drugs used to treat them can also interfere with sexual functioning. Open discussions with your physician can lead to changes in your medical regime that can mitigate these effects.
What medical conditions affect sexuality?
In addition to the normal changes of aging, illnesses and other conditions can contribute to sexual problems. These include:
Medications.
Surgeries, especially ones that can effect how a person views himself or herself like hysterectomies, mastectomies, and prostatectomies.
Cancers, especially in the genital area such as prostate cancer.
Illnesses effecting the vascular system, such as diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.
Neurological conditions.
Traumas.
Chronic pain.
In addition, women sometimes experience a loss of bladder control. It is important to discuss any physical condition with your medical provider if it is interfering with your sexuality. Many times these problems can be overcome by changing medications, or by effectively treating the medical problem.
1Adapted from: “Safer Sex Guidelines” (http://www.goodvibes.com/Content--Safer-Sex-Guidelines--id-732).
2Adapted from “The Female Condom” (http://www.goodvibes.com/Content--The-Female-Condom--id-729).
3Source: “Dental Dams” (http://www.goodvibes.com/Content--How-to-Use-Dental-Dams--id-727).
4Adapted from “Beyond the Basics: A Sourcebook on Sexuality and Reproductive Health Education” published by Canadian Federation for Sexual Health (formerly Planned Parenthood Federation of Canada).
5Adapted from “Sexuality in Pregnancy”, retrieved from http://pregnancy.about.com/cs/sexuality/ a/aa082498.htm.
6Adapted from “Beyond the Basics: A Sourcebook on Sexuality and Reproductive Health Education” published by Canadian Federation for Sexual Health (formerly Planned Parenthood Federation of Canada).
Sexuality & Health
Perimenopause and Menopause
Many women find that going through menopause does not impact their sex life. Some even find it even more exciting than ever because they are no longer concerned about becoming pregnant. For many women, though, some of the physiological effects of menopause do impact their enjoyment of sex. It is important to understand that these effects can be treated, and sex after menopause can be very fulfilling and enjoyable.
During menopause, there are certain physiological changes that can interfere with the enjoyment of sex due to loss of estrogen. These symptoms include:
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Hot flashes that can occur at any time, causing discomfort and irritability.
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Night sweats that interfere with a woman's sleep, thereby decreasing her desire for sex.
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Vaginal dryness.
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Loss of androgens (including testosterone) that can lower a woman's sex drive or libido.
It is likewise important to note that a woman's desire for sex can be affected by other physical changes related more to aging than to menopause. These changes may include:
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Decreased blood flow to the pelvis — ovaries no longer need as much nourishment, and the reduced blood flow causes the vagina to become smaller and less elastic.
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Walls of the vagina may become thin and tender, causing intercourse to be painful.
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Problems with urine leakage or increased urinary frequency due to weakening of pelvic muscle support.
For both menopause-related symptoms, as well as symptoms of aging, there are steps you can take to ensure an enjoyable sex life beyond menopause.
-
Healthy living — exercise and a healthy diet can make a difference in your overall sense of well-being and dealing with some symptoms, like hot flashes.
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Hormone Replacement Therapy can reduce the incidences of hot flashes and night sweats, as well as treating vaginal dryness.
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Various over-the-counter and prescription medications and sex techniques (be sure to discuss with your health care provider).
-
Compensate for vaginal dryness through the use of over-the-counter water-based gel lubricants (such as Waterslide or Sliquid H20) during intercourse.
-
Continued sexual activity can also help to prolong and maintain vaginal health.
Breast Health
For some women – and men – the first time they consider the health of their breasts is when they find a lump or other unusual condition, and fear that they might have breast cancer. Or, some might reflect on their own breast health when a co-worker, friend, sibling, or mother is diagnosed with breast cancer or other breast disease. However, good breast health is an essential part of overall physical – and sexual – health.
Consider the following frequently asked questions:
Why should I do a breast self-exam?
Regular breast self-exam can help you know how your breasts normally feel and look, so you can notice any changes. When you find a change, you should see your health care provider. Most breast changes or lumps are not cancerous, but only a health care provider can tell you for sure. When breast cancer is found early, you have more treatment choices and a better chance of recovery.
What am I looking for when I do a breast self-exam?
You are looking for a lump or change that stands out as different from the rest of your breast tissue. If you find a lump or other change in your breast, either during breast self-exam or by chance, you should examine the other breast. If both breasts feel the same, the lumpiness is probably normal. As you get to know your breasts better by doing breast self-exams, you should be able to tell the difference between your normal lumpiness and what may be a change.
Besides a lump or swelling, other changes in your breast might be:
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Skin irritation or dimpling.
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Nipple pain or retraction (turning inward).
-
Redness or scaliness of the nipple or breast skin.
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A discharge other than breast milk.
If you see any of these changes, you should see your health care provider right away.
Is there a right way to examine my breasts?
Yes. There are several proper ways to examine your breasts. Ask your health care provider to teach you how to do a breast self-exam to make sure you are doing it correctly and thoroughly.
How often should I do a self-exam?
A breast self-exam is recommended every month a few days after your period ends. During this time, your breasts are less tender or swollen. It is important to do your breast self-exam at the same time every month.
Is there anything I can do to improve my breast health?
Yes. Get more exercise. Studies show that increased physical exercise reduces your risk of breast cancer.
Will nipple piercing permanently damage my breast?
According to the La Leche League, renowned breastfeeding advocates, “Nothing in life, nipple piercing included, is without risk”. The LLL website also reports that neither the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists nor the American College of Nurse-Midwives have taken a stance on nipple piercing and your ability to breastfeed. However, as is the case with piercing any body part, infection, tetanus, and hepatitis are possible risks as well as transmission of HIV.
It is also important to consider the impact of breast cancer and other breast diseases and conditions on sexuality and sexual health. Women (and men) who have experienced breast cancer or breast disease may be affected physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. Even when there are no obvious physical changes or effects, there may be mental and emotional impacts following diagnosis and treatment. All of these factors can impact one’s sexuality and sexual health. However, it can be difficult to talk about these issues with a spouse or partner, or even a trusted friend. For people who have survived a life-threatening disease, the emphasis on survival – and carrying on with life – can overshadow concerns about sex and sexuality, or make them seem trivial or superficial.
Breast cancer may or may not change the way you look. But either way it can change the way you feel and affect your self image. While most women agree that their breasts are only part of what defines them as a woman, they are still deeply affected by the loss of a breast. A woman’s breasts symbolize so many positive things — motherhood, sexuality, and being a woman. But for some women, breasts also now represent cancer. Most women, and their partners, will need to take time to grieve the loss of a breast.
Joining a support group may help you to cope with all the changes in your body and self-image. Some women find these changes difficult; others find strength in their new image of themselves. Remind yourself that healing takes time. At some point, every woman with breast cancer becomes more comfortable with her body. Accepting yourself as you are is all part of the process.
If it was difficult for a couple to talk about your feelings and about sex before breast cancer, it will probably still be difficult to talk now. While there is no such thing as the perfect time to talk, some times are better than others. Choose a moment when you are relaxed and alone together. When you feel comfortable, give yourself and your partner permission to talk about your feelings, both good and bad. Above all else, be honest. You may want to try talking about:
-
Your biggest fears — Women may be afraid their partner will leave or reject them because of their breast cancer. Men may be afraid of physically hurting their partner during sex. Talking about each other’s fears allows you to reassure each other.
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Birth control — A baby that is conceived while you are undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy, or while using tamoxifen, could have birth defects. That is why it is important to talk to your partner about birth control. After treatment, do not assume that you are infertile unless your doctor tells you there is absolutely no chance of becoming pregnant.
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Your “new” sex life — Breast cancer may change what you like to do and how you like to be touched during sex. You may not even want to have sex for a while. Your partner may not realize this. That is why you need to talk about it. You will probably find your partner is willing to do anything that will make you happy.
Vaginal Health
Many myths and misunderstandings exist about vaginal health, and these are perpetuated by the lack of information and communication in our society — about sexual health in general and vaginal health in particular. In our line of work, it is essential that we understand the basics of vaginal health, as the products we sell can directly impact the health of the vagina. For example, women who have frequent yeast infections may be more sensitive to some products, particularly bath and body products. It is important to know which products would be most appropriate for women in this situation.
What is “normal”?
Understanding how the vagina protects itself against infection can help us stay healthy.
-
The vagina keeps itself healthy and clean by means of the cervical mucous and the acid/alkaline balance (a balance between acidity and alkalinity of all body fluids must be maintained).
-
A healthy vagina is slightly acidic, keeping many kinds of bothersome germs under control.
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Mucous produced by the cervix moistens and lubricates the vaginal walls, and also plugs the cervical opening. This helps to keep germs out of the uterus.
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Normal vaginal discharge has a mild odor and can be pasty white or clear and stringy, like egg white. It often leaves a yellow-white stain on underwear. The amount of vaginal discharge is affected by hormones and is different for every woman.
What causes vaginal infections and irritation?
Vaginal infections can happen through:
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Unprotected sexual contact, when sexually transmitted germs can be picked up.
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Imbalances happening in the vagina, leading to infections such as bacterial vaginosis or yeast.
There are many situations which cause imbalances and make the vagina more susceptible to infections. These include:
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Less acidity and more alkalinity in the vagina during a menstrual period. Therefore, infections can get worse during or after a period.
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Being on the birth control pill or being pregnant. Hormonal change increases the alkalinity and the chance of infection.
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Being on antibiotics. These drugs kill the bad germs but also can destroy the good germs in the vagina and this allows unfriendly bacteria to overgrow in the vagina.
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Unprotected sex. Semen is alkaline and this helps certain infections to grow. Also, sex introduces other germs into the vagina.
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Douching. This can dry out the mucous membrane, irritate and damage vaginal walls, and upset the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.
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Pad and tampon use. If tampons are left in too long, germs can start to multiply and cause irritation. Super-absorbent tampons can dry out the vaginal lining. Pads with plastic lining or perfume can also lead to irritation.
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A diet high in sugars and carbohydrates — for example pop, fruit juices, alcohol, donuts, and other sweets. Cells in the vaginal walls contain sugar and this creates a perfect place for germs and yeast fungus to grow.
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Stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep can lower your immunity and make it hard for your body to maintain the proper balance.
What can help prevent vaginal infections and irritation?
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Wear cotton underwear and avoid thong underwear, except for short periods of time.
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Don't wear underwear to bed (try boxers).
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Avoid tight jeans and pants.
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Wash genitals with warm water only and always wash/wipe from front to back. This prevents transferring germs from the anus (bum) to the vagina.
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Rinse well if you need to use soap.
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Avoid all bubble baths, perfumed soaps, and feminine hygiene sprays.
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Stop using strong detergents and fabric softeners when washing underwear.
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Never use anyone else's wet towel, washcloth, or bathing suit.
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Always use condoms for sex.
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Never put anything in your vagina that has first been in your anus.
Penile Health
What's “normal”, what's not...?
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The male penis is the largest of any primate. This fact doesn't keep almost every man from wondering about the size of his own penis.
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The penis comes in many sizes: there is no average. Penis size is not directly related to a man's height, weight, body structure, or ethnicity. It cannot be judged by the size a man's hand, foot, thumb, or nose.
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No matter what size a soft penis is, most adult men's erections are the same size: 5 ½ to 6 inches. To reach that size, smaller penises grow more when they become erect, while larger penises grow less.
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The majority of women say that penis size is not a factor in their sexual satisfaction... despite what most magazines tell you!
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Circumcision is a surgical procedure, performed on some baby boys (and some adult men), to remove the foreskin (loose fold of skin) from the end of the penis. Circumcision is performed for cultural or religious reasons, not medical ones. It has no effect on penis size or function. Men who are not circumcised should gently pull back the foreskin when they bathe to wash the foreskin and tip of the penis.
What causes penile infections and irritation?
Penile inflammation or redness can be due to irritation or allergic reactions caused by:
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Tight clothing that rubs against the penis.
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New, unwashed fabrics.
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Chemicals in laundry detergent.
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The latex in condoms.
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Chemicals in spermicides for birth control.
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Masturbation without lubricant.
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Vaginal dryness during sexual intercourse.
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Sexually transmitted infections.
What can be done to prevent penile infections and irritation?
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Wear loose-fitting clothing and underwear, and wash new fabrics (clothes, underwear, sheets, towels, etc.) before use.
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Use water- or silicon-based lubricant during sex and masturbation.
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If you suspect a latex allergy, try condoms made of polyurethane (ie. Avanti or Reality).
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Check ingredients in spermicides (nonoxynol-9 is a common irritant for both men and women, and may increase the risk of contracting STIs), or avoid using them altogether.
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Use scent-free laundry detergents and fabric softeners.
You should make an appointment with your doctor if you...
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Find any lumps in your testicles or groin.
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Notice any skin sores, bumps, or other changes in your genitals.
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Experience burning or pain when you urinate.
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Notice a drip or discharge from the penis. Discharge could be white and watery, or yellowish and thick.
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Experience pain during or after sex.
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Are having sex with more than one partner; you should be getting checked for STIs every six months
Prostate Health
What is the prostate?
The prostate is the gland in your body that makes your sperm all gooey and sticky (so only men possess this gland). It secretes a clear fluid that contributes to about a third of the semen you produce when you ejaculate. It is located around the urethra and can be felt in medical exams. A healthy prostate is normally about the size of a walnut. It sits low in the pelvis, below the bladder and just in front of the rectum.
The prostate, and the perineum that surrounds it, are also known as the male “G-spot”. The important nerves that control the sexual organs, including those controlling erection, orgasm, and ejaculation, converge at the prostate and the perineum area. This means that this area is essentially a man's "command center" for sexual pleasure. Massaging the prostate has been a way to maintain and increase sexual health for men since ancient times. Men who suffer from prostate diseases such as prostatitis and BPH (see below for information about these conditions) can get relief from these problems through regular prostate massages, usually given manually by an urologist. It is also possible to do prostate “massage” without the assistance of a physician; this is commonly achieved through use of butt plugs, anal beads, and other anal sex toys.
What are common prostate problems?
The prostate gland surrounds the tube (urethra) that passes urine. This can be a source of problems as a man ages because:
-
The prostate tends to grow bigger with age and may squeeze the urethra, or
-
A tumor can make the prostate bigger.
-
These changes, or an infection, can cause problems passing urine. Sometimes men in their 30s and 40s may begin to have urinary symptoms and need medical attention. For others, symptoms aren't noticed until much later in life.
Tell your doctor if you:
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Are passing urine more during the day.
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Have an urgent need to pass urine.
-
Have less urine flow.
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Feel burning when you pass urine.
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Need to get up many times during the night to pass urine.
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Have blood in the urine or semen.
Growing older raises your risk of prostate problems. The three most common prostate problems are:
-
Infection (prostatitis)
-
Enlarged prostate ( BPH, or benign prostatic hyperplasia)
One change does not lead to another. For example, having prostatitis or an enlarged prostate does not raise your chance of prostate cancer. It is also possible to have more than one condition at the same time. The keys to good prostate health are regular physical check-ups and a generally healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a balanced diet. In addition to exercising and eating well, you may also want to consider taking dietary supplements for prostate health. Extracts of saw palmetto, African pygeum bark, pumpkin seed, and lycopene have been shown to be beneficial for prostate health and may reduce the symptoms of difficult urination.
Premature Ejaculation and Erectile Difficulty
When a man is unable to get or maintain an erection, medical intervention may be helpful. Men sometimes think the problem is their fault, or have been told that the problem is psychological. We now know that over 80% of the time impotence or erectile dysfunction (ED) is caused by a physical problem.
If you are having trouble maintaining your erection, you are not alone. It is estimated that 5% of 40-year-old men and 15-25% of 65-year-old-men are experiencing erectile dysfunction. To explore solutions, it is important to not only talk openly with your partner, but also to seek help from your health care provider. A physical exam and lab tests can help pinpoint the cause of your ED, and help determine the best way to help. The now very well known drug Viagra and other similar medications are helpful to 60-75% of the men who try them. Mechanical devices and surgeries are other options to discuss with your physician. There are also over-the-counter products that may be helpful for some men with ED (ie. Natural Arousal).
Sometimes illnesses and the drugs used to treat them can also interfere with sexual functioning. Open discussions with your physician can lead to changes in your medical regime that can mitigate these effects.
Sex and Disability
There is really only one thing that you need to know about sex and disability: Disabled people have sex, too. Beyond that, it’s pretty much impossible to generalize.
The word "disability" covers a huge range of conditions: physical disabilities like spina bifida, sensory disabilities like blindness, "invisible disabilities" like epilepsy, developmental disabilities like Down’s syndrome, psychiatric disabilities like bipolar disorder … the list goes on and on. Some people are born with a disability; others acquire one later in life — in fact, most people, if they live long enough, will experience a disability of some kind before they die. Disabilities can be so mild that they don’t have any effect on day-to-day life, or so severe that they require full-time care and assistance.
So there are very few things that apply to all disabled people. In fact, the main thing we have in common is that we have to deal with other people’s stereotypes and prejudices. One common stereotype is that disabled people just aren't sexual. Media images of disabled people often present us as pathetic or child-like. Even images that are supposed to be more positive can have the same effect: "saintly" or "heroic" doesn’t always fit well with "just plain horny".
Of course, some disabled people, just like some non-disabled people, may choose to be celibate for part or all of our lives. And some conditions like depression or chronic fatigue syndrome may reduce interest in sex, at least temporarily. But there isn’t anything about having a disability that magically prevents someone from having sexual feelings. We feel desire and lust just like anyone else.
The other common myth is that, if disabled people do have sexual feelings, then we must go around in a permanent state of sexual frustration, either because we "can’t have sex", or because nobody could possibly want to have sex with someone with a disability. Many disabled people get thoroughly tired of being asked questions along the lines of "Um, can you, like, DO IT?" — with "IT", of course, being penis-in-vagina intercourse.
For a start, disabled people are just as likely as anybody else to be lesbian, gay or bisexual, so penis-in-vagina intercourse may not be something they are interested in. And many people (with and without disabilities) find that intercourse isn’t necessarily the best or most pleasurable form of sex anyway. In some cases, a particular disability might mean that intercourse is difficult or unsatisfactory for a particular person. For example, spinal cord injuries or diabetic neuropathy might mean that someone has reduced sensation in their genitals, or that a guy’s ability to get erections might be affected. But of course, there’s a lot more to sex than just intercourse.
Some disabilities may mean that you need to make practical adjustments to partnered sex, but these are usually pretty simple — with good communication and a bit of imagination (and if you don’t have those, you probably shouldn’t be having sex with anyone in the first place). For example, someone with a hearing impairment might want to make sure that the lights stay on during sex so that they can lip-read or sign to their partner. Joint or back problems might make certain positions uncomfortable or tiring. In many cases, the most important thing is simply making your partner aware of how you function for example, letting them know that that the side-effects of some medications can make it harder to reach orgasm, or warning them if you sometimes have seizures or muscle spasms. In my case, my disability (Asperger’s syndrome) can make my nervous system over-react to touch, so I need to make sure that people (friends or lovers) know not to touch me unexpectedly.
Another consideration for some people with disabilities is that sex toys, and other sexual products, may need to be adapted to better meet their needs. Information on this topic is quite limited, as many people assume that people with disabilities either cannot, or do not have a desire to, use sex toys. The best online source of information on this topic is the sex and disability section of the Come As You Are website. Another excellent resource on the topic is the book, “The Ultimate Guide to Sex and Disability”, by Miriam Kaufman, M.D., Cory Silverberg and Fran Odette.
Of course, disabled people have to practice safer sex and birth control just like anyone else. This should be obvious, but it doesn't seem to occur to some people that anyone with a disability might get pregnant or contract an STI. In a few cases, a particular disability may affect your choice of safer sex or birth control methods. For example, some doctors feel that oral contraceptives (birth control pills) should not be prescribed to women who have poor circulation or mobility, as they may have a higher-than-average risk of thromboembolism. Many people with spina bifida are allergic to latex, so they need to use non-latex gloves, condoms, and dams for safer sex.
Having a disability can sometimes make it harder to find a sexual partner. It can be difficult to socialize and meet people if social events are held in inaccessible buildings. Prejudice can also be an issue, especially in the teenage years for many teenagers, dating seems to be more about "getting" someone who’s seen to be a good "catch" than who you actually want to be with. And sadly, even in adulthood, there are some non-disabled people who can’t imagine anyone with a disability as a possible partner. That’s their loss. But there are plenty of people out there who don’t have that problem. Contrary to the media images we're fed, being attractive and sexy has nothing to do with having a "perfect" body or being "normal". If you fall for someone's gorgeous grin and deranged sense of humour, the fact that they use a wheelchair to get around may turn out to be a minor detail.
In a way, having a disability can actually become a positive advantage when it comes to sex. It means that you need to learn how to communicate and be up-front about what works for you and what doesn’t. Having to change and adapt the standard "script" means you have to be flexible and creative. And you have to focus on what actually feels best for you and your partner, instead of getting hung-up about what’s "normal" or how you’re "supposed" to have sex. And those are the real secrets of great sex for everybody.
1This section adapted from “Menopause and Sexuality” http://www.stronghealth.com/ services/womenshealth/gynecology/sexandmenopause.cfm
2 Sources for this section: The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation’s Fact Sheet “Sexuality and Intimacy” (http://www.komen.org/stellent/groups/harvard_group/@dallas/documents/-komen_site_documents/supportsexuality.pdf) and “Breast Health” from The Breast Site (http://www.thebreastsite.com/womens-health/).
3 Source: “More About Sexuality: Vaginal Health”, Peel Public Health (http://www.peelregion.ca/ health/hsexual/htmfiles/masvag.htm).
4Adapted from “Men’s Penile Health” at mens-sexual-health.org (http://www.mens-sexual-health.org/penisinflammation/).
5Adapted from “Penis Particulars” (http://www.uottawa.ca/health/information/men-penis-particulars.html).
6Adapted from “Understanding Prostate Changes”, National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/understanding-prostate-changes).
7Adapted from: “Lifelong Sexuality” at HelpGuide: Aging Issues (http://www.helpguide.org/elder/sexuality_aging.htm).
8Adapted from “No Big Deal (Sex and Disability)”, by C. Sainsbury at Scarleteen.com (http://www.scarleteen.com/politics /disability.html).
Some Specifics
Oral Sex for Women
Cunnilingus is the fine art of making love to a vulva and vagina with your mouth and tongue. It is a delicate skill, requiring patience, practice, and dedication to get it right, but any woman you learn to do it right for will appreciate you all the more for it.
What applies to the penis applies to the vulva — every one is different, requiring a different touch to make its owner happy. But few tools can equal the tongue for the amount of pleasure it can deliver to a happy vagina.
This section assumes that you know what a vulva looks like and can identify with some precision the mons veneris, labia majora, clitoral hood, clitoris, crura, labia minora, urethra, vagina, and perineum, to name them (approximately) from top to bottom. If you are unsure, first refer to the diagrams in Practical Details.
Don't go after the clitoris like a fireman attacking a fire. Quite often at first, the clitoral glans is far too sensitive for direct stimulation. Lick around it, stimulating the hood and the crura, teasing her inner labia, tasting her. Take your time and listen to her. Some women make noise, and some do not. It will be a while before you learn exactly what your lover prefers as far as oral sex is concerned.
Some women may like additional stimulation — a finger or two into the vagina, or perhaps even the anus. She may want your hands to reach up and play with her breasts, or she may want your fingers to hold her labia apart so that your tongue can get at her vulva more directly.
As a woman nears her climax, she may want more direct stimulation. In general, fast, rhythmic stimulation is most effective at causing climax — but there shouldn't be a rush to get there. Take your time and learn to appreciate what you can do for her.
If the taste or smell bothers you or is a concern, ask her to wash first. Most people who enjoy cunnilingus agree that a clean vagina is a good, if acquired, taste. Some people are particularly turned off at the suggestion of cunnilingus during menstruation. If it is a concern to you, then wait. A tampon may well hold the blood back, as will a diaphragm or menstrual cup, but some people can't stand the taste anyway. If your partner is healthy, however, there is no particular danger in menstrual blood, and some women find that orgasms during their periods alleviate cramps or are more intensely satisfying than at other times during their cycle. However, it is important to note that there is a minimal risk of transmitting HIV through contact with menstrual blood.
Oral Sex for Men
Fellatio, giving head, giving a blow-job: Many men love this kind of stimulation, and many people, both women and men, like giving it. Fellatio is the act of applying your lips to a man's penis with the purpose of giving him pleasure.
There are few tips to fellatio that can be given other than "practice". The lips and the tongue are the major sources of stimulation, and it is with the lips and tongue that you should apply the attention to make him feel good. Both men and women respond well to pressure and rhythm. A steady, strong stroke will be enough to get the reaction you're looking for.
This section assumes that you know what a penis looks like and can identify the corona, frenulum, and scrotum. If you are unsure, first review Practical Details.
Every penis is different, and each has its sensitive spots and its preferred ways of being handled. Generally, the corona and frenulum are more sensitive than the base of the shaft of the penis. Listen to your lover. The sounds he makes and the feel of his body tensing are your best clues that you're going this right. Don't be afraid to ask him for specific spots to lick, kiss, or suck — each man has his own preferences.
Feel free to grasp with your hands whatever of the penis you can't fit into your mouth. As you slide your mouth off the penis, following behind with the hand allows you to linger on the corona longer and with a slightly different sort of pressure. Many men like as much stimulation as possible, and the feel of a wet mouth and a saliva-slicked hand are enough to send them to the brink of orgasm very quickly. Some men like the feel of a hand gently "hugging" their scrotum; some like to be gently stroked with a wet finger down the length of the perineum. Some men may like the additional stimulation of a finger or two in the anus.
Some people feel that the best position to perform oral sex is the 69 position, where each partner lies with their head by the other's genitals. For fellatio, this even makes sense — most penises curve upwards, towards the head, and in this position that curve matches the curve of the throat. However, it is difficult to both perform and appreciate oral sex at the same time. Try the position, or kneel by his body, but at least in the beginning do one thing at a time.
Deep throating is the act of taking the penis down past your gag reflex. In reality, this particular sexual adventure is very overrated. The best way to give fellatio is still with the lips and tongue, taking only as much as you can without gagging. However, for those that want to know, the basic lesson is still "practice". Take the penis as far as you can without choking, and then close your eyes and concentrate, taking each quarter inch, telling yourself that you won't choke, that you can take it out at any time, and slowly swallow it down. Then rise off of it just as slowly.
If the smell isn't something you enjoy, then tell him to go take a shower! While this is something you're doing primarily for his pleasure, that doesn't mean you have to suffer if he's lacking in hygiene. And if you're worried about germs, your mouth has millions more germs than a clean penis.
Macrobiotic nutritionists have actually done research on the question of whether it is possible to make semen taste better (or different), and the answer is in: you are what you eat. Common sense dictates that if you taste good, your lover will want to eat you more often, so improving your body's taste and smell should be important to you. In general, nutritionists say that alkaline-based foods such as meats and fish produce a buttery, fish taste. Dairy products, which contain a high bacterial putrefaction level, create the foulest tasting fluids by far. Acidic foods such as sweets, fruits, and alcohol give bodily fluids a pleasant, sugary flavor. Chemically processed liquors will cause an extremely acidic taste, however, so if you're going to drink alcohol, drink high-quality, naturally fermented beers or sake.
This brings us to an often “sensitive” issue: swallowing ejaculate. For many men, this is important to them — they like to feel that by swallowing their semen, you complete this act of lovemaking and accept a part of themselves into your body. But many people don't like the taste of semen and can't bring themselves. Talk about this beforehand — let him know if you can't handle it, and that it's not personal.
Female G-spot and Ejaculation
Female ejaculation (colloquially known as squirting or gushing) refers to the expulsion of noticeable amounts of clear fluid, always from the urethra during sexual stimulation at or near orgasm. Female ejaculation is accomplished by stimulation of the g-spot (the urethral sponge, named after Dr. Ernest Gräfenberg), an area on the front vaginal wall. More rarely, it can be accomplished through external stimulation of the clitoris alone, the internal tissue of the clitoris then contracting and stimulating the urethral tissue.
The Gräfenberg spot, or G-spot, is a small area in the genital area of women behind the pubic bone and surrounding the urethra. When this spot, located inside the vaginal wall, is stroked, there is a sensation or urge to urinate, but if the stroking is continued during sexual arousal it can be sexually pleasurable. For some women, it can be a primary source of stimulation leading to orgasm during intercourse while having sex in positions that use the penis to stimulate the frontal wall of the vagina. In such positions, it is usually the angle of penetration, so that the penis makes direct contact with the front of the vaginal wall, which induces this stimulation. Because of its hard to reach location and its role in sexual stimulation, some people employ g-spot vibrators for better stimulation.
Women do not have an exact equivalent of the male prostate gland, an essential part of the male reproductive system. They do, however, have structures which are homologous to the male prostate, this meaning that they have developed from the same embryonic tissue. (The testicles of the male and the ovaries of the female are also homologous.) These are called para-urethral glands or Skene’s glands – although the term ‘Skene’s glands’ is often reserved for the two para-urethral glands closest to the opening of the urethra. They are there because, for the first weeks in development, the male and female embryos are not yet differentiated. The size and structure of the para-urethral glands varies relatively considerably, it seems, from woman to woman. The fluid they produce is similar to that produced by the male prostate and, as in the male, passes into the urethra – and in some cases may pass into the vagina. The glands fill with fluid during sexual arousal and may be felt through the vaginal wall. The swelling of the tissue surrounding the urethra may be a combination of the glands filling with fluid and of the swelling of the woman’s erectile tissue, the corpus spongiosum, which latter, in the male, gives a man his erection. Swelling of the non-visible part of the clitoris will also be evident.
It is, it seems, the rhythmic contractions of pelvic muscle during orgasm which expel the accumulated fluid as at least one constituent of female ejaculation. The amount of fluid released can be considerable, through repeated filling and emptying of the glands during orgasm.
Female ejaculation is not a new concept. The Greek philosopher Aristotle noted its existence, Galen (2nd century) described the female prostate, the Italian anatomist Renaldus Columbus referred to female ejaculate while he was explaining the function of the clitoris and in the 17th century, the Dutch anatomist Regnier de Graaf wrote a book about female anatomy and spoke of female fluid "rushing out" and "coming in one gush" during sexual excitement.
Up until the 1980s female ejaculation was largely ignored by the medical community. At that time the subject resurfaced with the bestselling book "The G-Spot" by Drs. Ladas, Whipple and Perry. The book not only addressed the validity of the g-spot but brought female ejaculation to the forefront of women's sexual health inside the medical community. While many in the medical and scientific communities are now acknowledging the existence of female ejaculation, there remains a large void when it comes to solid scientific data explaining the process of ejaculation in females or the source of the fluid itself.
Anal Sex
Anal eroticism is surrounded by a powerful taboo. Yet millions of men and women — straight, gay and bisexual — are experimenting with anal sex. The anus, richly endowed with nerve endings and interconnected with the main pelvic muscles, is the closest erogenous neighbor of the genitals and contracts rhythmically during orgasm. Thirty-five years ago, Kinsey stated that the anal region had erotic significance for about half of the population. In a survey of 100,000 Playboy readers, 47 percent of the men and 61 percent of the women admitted to having tried anal intercourse. Yet the anal taboo inhibits most people from thinking, talking, and learning about the sexual use of the anus.
Listed here are the ten things most men and women still do not know about anal sex:
1. Anal intercourse is the least practiced form of anal sex.
There are many ways to enjoy the anus erotically. The most common techniques include touching the anal opening while masturbating or stimulating a partner's anus during intercourse or oral sex. Some people enjoy the sensation of a finger — their own or a lover's — insinuated into their anal opening and gently rotated. Others may prefer the insertion of a dildo or vibrator beyond the anal opening and short anal canal into the larger rectum. Many men, including heterosexuals, prefer this form of penetration. Oral-anal lovemaking is popularly known as rimming. The very idea disgusts some people. Others enjoy performing it or allowing themselves to be probed in this special way.
2. Anal stimulation, including intercourse, is not painful if done properly.
The belief that anal stimulation, especially intercourse, has to hurt is a persistent and dangerous myth. Just as pain anywhere in the body indicates that something is wrong, so is the same true of the anal area. With its high concentration of nerve endings, the anus can produce extreme agony when it is mistreated. Yet it can be a source of great pleasure.
When a finger, object or penis is introduced into the anus, the anal muscles go into spasm, as if fighting off an invasion. Pain will result if the partners do not wait for these muscles to relax. Under sufficient stress they will eventually collapse and the pain will subside, unless further damage is done. But, any 'pleasure' afforded from this kind of activity derives mostly from the absence of discomfort.
Maximum anal pleasure requires the elimination of all pain or physical trauma from the anal experience. Self-protection on the part of the passive partner involves being ready to say "no" until he or she is ready to proceed. Readiness is a combination of physical relaxation, usually helped along by plenty of leisurely anal touching, and desire. Occasionally the anal muscles are relaxed, but the passive partner is still not in the mood. Stimulation should mount only in proportion to the degree of receptivity.
3. Anal sex can be enjoyed even if it has been consistently uncomfortable in the past.
Sufficient desire alone does not necessarily guarantee pleasurable anal sex. Nor is an uncomfortable previous experience always the reason for a lack of interest in or desire for anal sex. Chronic anal tension is the most common cause of anal discomfort during sex. Hemorrhoids and constipation are usually signs of this condition. Tension can be relieved by touching the anus and becoming more familiar with it. An ideal time to explore the anal opening is while taking a shower or bath. Deep breathing also affects the anal muscles. Tensing the anus and the letting go is another way of learning to relax it. Anyone who enjoys masturbation might want to experiment with some form of anal stimulation, though he or she should stop if any discomfort occurs.
For many people the turning point in anal sex is when they allow a partner to massage the anus with the understanding that intercourse will not be attempted. Then the recipient of anal caresses can concentrate solely on the pleasure that this erogenous zone is capable of generating.
4. Two muscle rings called sphincters surround the anal opening. Each functions independently.
If you insert a finger about one half-inch into your anus and press your fingertip against the side, you can clearly feel the two sphincter muscles. There is less than a quarter-inch between them. The external sphincter is controlled by the central nervous system — just like the muscles of the hand, for example. You can readily tense and relax this sphincter whenever you want.
The internal sphincter is quite different. This muscle is controlled by the involuntary or autonomic part of the nervous system, which governs such functions as heartbeat and stress response. The internal sphincter reflects and responds to fear and anxiety during anal sex. It will cause the anus to tense up automatically even if the passive partner is trying to relax. Thus, precautions about safety and comfort are essential here.
Even if a person does feel comfortable during anal sex, he or she may still need to learn voluntary control over his or her internal sphincter in order to relax it at will. Doing so requires regularly inserting a finger, perhaps in the shower each day, and feeling the internal sphincter. The muscle changes spontaneously and in response to behavior. In this instance, simply paying attention is more important than trying to relax. Anyone can gradually learn to control the internal sphincter at will.
5. Anal stimulation provides many kinds of pleasure.
The highest concentration of nerve endings is around the anal opening itself. A finger can focus on them especially effectively. When an object or penis is inserted beyond the anal opening into the rectum, other pleasures are involved. The outer portion of the rectum, like the vagina, has several nerve endings. The inner portion responds mostly to pressure.
Some people enjoy the feelings of pressure and fullness once they understand that these sensations do not presage an impending bowel movement. Rectal pressure is especially important to enthusiasts of "fisting," a form of anal sex in which several fingers or even the entire hand and forearm are inserted into the rectum and sometimes into the lower colon.
In men, the prostate — which is just beyond the rectal wall, a few inches in, towards the front of the body — can be a source of pleasure when massaged by a finger, an object, or a penis.
Also, the lower end of the penis, or "bulb," is near the anal opening. It is stimulated indirectly by most types of anal sex.
Anal pleasure can be psychological as well as physical. The anal taboo adds to the thrill of the forbidden. The most common anti-anal message (it's dirty!) sometimes returns as a source of raunchy, sleazy excitement. Rimming enthusiasts may enjoy the feeling that they are being disgustingly — and delightfully — perverse. Other people regard the anus as a secret, special place. Sharing it with a partner is an act of openness and giving.
6. Anal stimulation can lead to orgasm.
A minority of men and women can respond orgasmically to anal sex without direct genital stimulation. Women probably do so through pelvic muscle contractions — and a small minority even though the sheer excitement of being anally penetrated. When men experience an orgasm from anal stimulation, they tend to focus on the prostate. No doubt they are also responding to indirect stimulation of the penile bulb.
Orgasms from anal stimulation are most likely to occur when the participants become thoroughly absorbed in their sensations and fantasies. An almost certain way to prevent such an orgasm is to be become determined to have one. Seeking an anal orgasm will create new pressures and disrupt the pleasure. It must be remembered that most people require direct genital stimulation in order to climax. On the other hand, a few people have orgasms only with anal stimulation.
7. Diet contributes to the enjoyment of anal sex.
Regular bowel movements are the major function of the anus and rectum. There must be sufficient fiber in a person's diet to make his or her feces soft, bulky and well formed. This allows a bowel movement to be produced without force or effort. Forced evacuations irritate anal tissues, causing discomfort and adding to muscular tensions. Fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains or unprocessed bran are important sources of fiber.
8. Different rules of hygiene apply to the vagina and rectum.
Since intercourse can be vaginal or rectal, many people assume the same rules apply for the penetration of the vagina and rectum. Although both are lined with soft tissue and are capable of expanding, they are radically dissimilar.
The rectum is not straight. After the short anal canal which connects the anal opening to the rectum, the rectum tilts toward the front of the body. A few inches in, it curves back — sometimes as much as 90 degrees. Then, after a few more inches, it swoops toward the front of the body once again. A person can learn about the shape of his or her rectum by gently inserting a soft object, trying different angles and body positions and concentrating on how it feels. Make sure the object has a flared base so that if you loose your grip, it won't slip into the rectum and become irretrievable.
The rectum does not produce lubrication like the vagina but only a small amount of mucus. Therefore, rectal penetration always requires a lubricant. Chemical additives should be avoided. Water-based lubricants are latex-compatible.
The main function of the rectum is to act as a passageway for feces. But feces are not normally stored in the rectum except just prior to a bowel movement. Yet small amounts may remain in the rectum, especially if the feces are not well formed. Anal douching before lovemaking will help some people especially concerned with cleanliness to relax. For others the idea of dirtiness heightens the joy of the forbidden; for them, douching is anti-erotic.
9. Anal intercourse is not necessarily an act of dominance and submission.
The top-bottom imagery associated with anal intercourse is widespread. No doubt the belief that anal sex has to hurt contributes to this notion. And in fact some people are intensely excited by top-bottom fantasies about anal sex. The thought that they are submitting to such a degrading act is a terrific thrill. However, actual, not fantasized, anal pain can lead to trouble.
For others, the enjoyment of anal sex is inhibited by top-bottom imagery. The idea of surrendering control, and perhaps submitting to humiliation, causes immediate, protective tensing of the anal muscles. These individuals are more likely to relax and enjoy themselves if they can learn to regard anal sex as pleasurable rather than as an expression of power.
10. Anal sex can be perfectly safe, even beneficial.
The taboo against anal eroticism is perpetuated by the almost universal belief among physicians that anal sex is inevitably dangerous. No physical injury from anal stimulation results if both partners refuse to tolerate pain, never use force, and avoid the use of drugs.
All the other risks center on sexually transmitted diseases. Each of the common STIs - gonorrhea, syphilis, and herpes — can affect the anus. Intestinal parasites, bacteria, or tiny bugs are usually passed along when fecal matter finds its way into someone's mouth or vagina, most likely through rimming.
AIDS has complicated the matter. HIV can pass from the semen or blood of an infected person to the bloodstream of a partner through a tiny break in the rectal tissue during anal intercourse. To avoid this risk, anal intercourse and rimming should not be practiced casually. Those who do enjoy anal intercourse should always use a condom. Rimming should always be accomplished by a latex barrier. Of course, in a monogamous relationship with two healthy people, the risk of disease transmitted anally is reduced.
Fluid Play
Urine
Although more properly called urolagnia, most people refer to this particular realm of sexual kink as "golden showers" or “watersports”. As the name implies, the most common form such play takes is for one partner to urinate in such a way that the other partner can see and or feel the "golden shower" of urine.
Interestingly enough, many people regard golden showers as one of the most taboo of sexual acts, second only to sex play that specifically revolves around feces. Inevitably, however, whenever people want to make sex a little spicier, they head right for the forbidden fruit. Getting pleasure from that which is naughty is a powerful act. From earliest childhood we accumulate a growing list of things that we want to do — because they are pleasurable or interesting — that we are expressly forbidden to do because they are messy, dangerous, annoying, unhealthy, or morally prohibited — according to someone else, usually a parent, teacher, or older sibling.
Of course, there are many people who engage in watersports with very little shame at all. Simply put, not everyone views pee as dirty and shameful. For some it is simply natural, and the sensations (visual and sensual) that it creates are normal and innocent.
Feces
Coprophilia, also known as 'scat', fecophilia, fecalphilia or coprolagnia, is the paraphilia involving sexual pleasure through human feces, or rather to its excretion. Coprophilia is the attraction to the smell, taste, texture or sight of the act of defecation as a primary means of sexual arousal and gratification. Erotic fulfillment with excrement may be practiced alone or with a sexual partner. A common slang term for this is scat sex. Except in the case of consuming feces, generally scat play is safe when played alone and safe with a partner if one uses protection so as not to come in direct contact with a partner's excrement. Women must be particularly cautious, as fecal bacteria are a prime cause of UTIs and vaginal infections.
Some coprophiliacs engage in coprophagia, the eating of feces. This is a potentially hazardous activity due to the risks of bacterial infection. Consuming one's own feces could have potentially harmful consequences, as the bowel bacteria are not necessarily safe to ingest, though it is not as risky as eating a partner's feces. These risks include viral hepatitis and parasitic intestinal infections such as giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, shigellosis, amebiasis and campylobacter.
Those with weakened immune systems should certainly abstain from mucous membrane contact with stool.
Blood
A blood fetish (also known as vampire fetish, hematolagnia and haematophilia) is a sexual fetish for blood. Blood fetishists are most often aroused by blood on nude or semi-nude individuals (or indeed their sexual partner). Other blood fetishists are aroused simply by the sight of blood. Witnessing accidental or intentional cuts or blood donating are good examples. Only extreme cases are turned on while viewing an extremely gruesome scene. Blood fetishism is often accompanied by some licking or drinking blood through bloodletting. This is sometimes done by biting (referred to as "love-bites" though they are technically not) however this is not the norm due to the potential for damage from bruising or infection. Most often a razor blade is used. As well as being a sexual fetish, it is often considered an expression of intimacy or bonding.
There is a substantial community centered around the fetish, however it is mostly "underground" due to its controversial nature. It is partly linked with the vampire subculture, however most blood fetishists do not consider themselves "vampires", though some may have a vampire fetish — blood fetishism has a history of being referred to as "vampirism" in psychiatric literature and articles.
Bloodsports or bloodplay are general terms used for any sexual or BDSM play involving blood. It is considered “edgeplay” due to its nature of being able to easily spread blood borne diseases. It is also possible, although rare, to cut the person too deeply and cause them to bleed excessively.
There is also menstrual fetish, which focuses on menstruating women, either having their periods without blocking the flow of blood, or even focusing on used tampons. Some enjoy performing cunnilingus on their menstruating partners. The same can be said for the female; the genital area is often more responsive to stimulation during menstruation and orgasms can be more intense.
Breast Milk
Many couples enjoy the added element that lactating breasts add to sexual play and except in a few special circumstances this practice should be safe for you, your partner and your baby.
The most common special instance during which one would discourage this practice is when mother, partner or baby has an active yeast infection. If anyone in the family is suffering from a yeast infection it should be treated and resolved before oral-breast contact occurs.
Another somewhat common condition that may preclude oral-breast contact between sexual partners is an active herpes infection. Herpes can be transmitted via kissing, sexual intercourse, or any close human contact, especially contact involving mucosal surfaces. There have been cases reported of toddlers with active herpes lesions of the mouth spreading herpes to the mother's breast via breastfeeding.
If you are concerned about the impact on your milk supply, you needn't worry. Your body will make the amount of milk it is called on to make. If your partner takes some of the milk your body will quickly replace it, there is no danger that your baby will not receive adequate milk because of this practice. Most experienced parents find that feeding the baby prior to initiating sex helps to ensure adequate time to enjoy each other without needing to attend to the baby.
Erotica & Pornography
Pornography (from Greek porne "prostitute" and grafe "writing"), more informally referred to as porn or porno, is the representation of the human body or sexual activity with the goal of sexual arousal. It is similar to, but distinct from erotica, though the two terms are often used interchangeably. Over the past few decades, the pornographic industry has skyrocketed due to the technological convenience of the Internet.
In general, "erotica" refers to portrayals of sexually arousing material that hold or aspire to artistic or historical merit, whereas "pornography" often connotes the prurient depiction of sexual acts, with little or no artistic value. The line between "erotica" and the term "pornography" (which is frequently considered a pejorative term) is often highly subjective. In practice, pornography can be defined merely as erotica that is perceived as "obscene". The definition of what one considers obscene can differ among persons, cultures, and eras. This leaves legal actions by those who oppose pornography open to wide interpretation.
Pornography may use any of a variety of media — printed literature, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, film, video, or video game, and may even be performed in a live venue, possibly in front of a live audience.
We do not sell pornography at Positive Passions, not because of any moral or philosophical objection, but due to our commitment to maintaining a welcoming and sex-positive atmosphere in our store and at our presentations. The reality is that the vast majority of pornographic videos and magazines do not fit with the pleasing aesthetic that Positive Passions has come to be known for.
History
Pornography is as old as civilization but the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the Victorian era. Previous to that time, though some sex acts were regulated or stipulated in laws, looking at objects or images depicting them was not. In some cases, certain books, engravings or image collections were outlawed, but the trend to compose laws that restricted viewing of sexually explicit things in general was a Victorian construct. When large scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860's, much of the erotic art of the Romans came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality, and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper class scholars. The movable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Naples, Italy and what couldn't be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children and the working class. Soon after, England’s and the world's first laws criminalizing pornography was enacted in the Obscene Publications Act of 1857. The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the Hicklin test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Despite their repression, depictions of erotic imagery are common throughout history, and remain so.
Stereotypes
Pornographic work contains a number of stereotypes. Although pornography targeted at heterosexual males often includes interaction between females, interaction between males is rarely seen. In hardcore materials, a male generally ejaculates outside his partner's body, in full view: the so-called "cum shot". Penises are almost always shown fully erect (except where prohibited). In heterosexual pornography the choice of position is naturally geared to giving the viewer the fullest view of the woman, making the reverse cowgirl position, and the man holding the woman in a "dog-and-lamp-post" position among the most popular. Fellatio scenes usually involve the woman looking into the camera or at the man, for similar reasons. Especially in American and Japanese porn, women tend to be vocal and loud during hardcore scenes.
Pornography by and for Women
Some recent pornography has been produced under the rubric of "by and for women". According to Tristan Taormino, "Feminist porn both responds to dominant images with alternative ones and creates its own iconography".
Some say no porn could ever be feminist. Lots of us disagree. But that doesn't mean we agree on what it is: each filmmaker defines her or his work differently. For me, feminist porn is about character, choice, and consciousness. I like to collaborate with performers on how their sexuality is represented, rather than give them a script or formula to follow. I want to capture complex, three-dimensional beings rather than stereotypes, to create an open environment that's safe for everyone — especially women — to take charge of their pleasure and be able to express their desires freely. I want to represent sex as positive, fun, healthy, and adventurous. I consciously work to create images that contradict (and hopefully challenge) other porn that represents women only as objects and vehicles for male pleasure.
In my chosen porn genre, gonzo (the cinema vérité of porn, unscripted, where the camera is acknowledged), the trend is toward hardcore imagery that supports every anti-porn feminist's claim that porn is degrading and offensive. Its emphasis is on rough (often bordering on hostile) sex, circus-like stunts, and what I call impalement contests (how many things can we fit into how many orifices simultaneously?). I'm not saying all gonzo is bad or all rough sex exploitative by nature, but a lot of it has become very one-sided. The lack of female pleasure in porn just sucks. I mean, if you're going to go to the trouble of sticking a girl's head in the toilet, you damn well better give her an awesome orgasm. ("Political Smut Makers"; Village Voice; 6/8/2006)
Pro-sex feminists contend that pornography benefits women, both personally and politically. It benefits them personally in several ways:
1. It provides sexual information on at least three levels:
a. it gives a panoramic view of the world's sexual possibilities. This is true even of basic sexual information such as masturbation, which seems to come less naturally to women than to men. It is not uncommon for women to reach adulthood without knowing how to give themselves pleasure.
b. it allows women to 'safely' experience sexual alternatives and satisfy a healthy sexual curiosity. The world is a dangerous place. By contrast, pornography can be a source of solitary enlightenment. Pornography allows women to experiment in the privacy of their own bedrooms, on a television set that can be turned off whenever she has had enough.
c. it provides a different form of information than textbooks or discussion. It offers the emotional information that comes only from experiencing something either directly or vicariously. It provides us with a sense how it would 'feel' to do something.
2. Pornography strips away the emotional confusion that so often surrounds real world sex. Pornography allows women to enjoy scenes and situations that would be anathema to them in real life. Take, for example, one of the most common fantasies reported by women — the fantasy of 'being taken', of being raped. The first thing to understand is that a rape fantasy does not represent a desire for the real thing. It is a fantasy. The woman is in control of the smallest detail of every act.
Why would a healthy woman daydream about being raped? There are dozens of reasons. Perhaps by losing control, she also sheds all sense of responsibility for and guilt over sex. Perhaps it is the exact opposite of the polite, gentle sex she has now. Perhaps it is flattering to imagine a particular man being so overwhelmed by her that he must have her. Perhaps she is curious. Perhaps she has some masochistic feelings that are vented through the fantasy. Is it better to bottle them up?
3. Pornography breaks cultural and political stereotypes, so that each woman can interpret sex for herself. Anti-feminists tell women to be ashamed of their appetites and urges. Pornography tells them to accept and enjoy them. Pornography provides reassurance and eliminates shame. It says to women 'you are not alone in your fantasies and deepest darkest desires. Right there, on the screen are others who feel the same urges and are so confident that they flaunt them.
4. Pornography can be good therapy. Pornography provides a sexual outlet for those who — for whatever reason — have no sexual partner. Perhaps they are away from home, recently widowed, or isolated because of infirmity. Perhaps they simply choose to be alone. Sometimes, masturbation and vicarious sex are the only alternatives to celibacy. Couples also use pornography to enhance their relationship. Sometimes they do so on their own, watching videos and exploring their reactions together. Sometimes, the couples go to a sex therapist who advises them to use pornography as a way of opening up communication on sex. By sharing pornography, the couples are able to experience variety in their sex lives without having to commit adultery.
Pornography benefits women politically in many ways, including the following:
1. Historically, pornography and feminism have been fellow travelers and natural allies.
Both have risen and flourished during the same periods of sexual freedom; both have been attacked by the same political forces, usually conservatives. Laws directed against pornography or obscenity, such as the Comstock Law in the late 1880's, have always been used to hinder women's rights, such as birth control. Although it is not possible to draw a cause-and-effect relationship between the rise of pornography and that of feminism, they both demand the same social conditions — namely, sexual freedom.
2. Pornography is free speech applied to the sexual realm. Freedom of speech is the ally of those who seek change: it is the enemy of those who seek to maintain control. Pornography, along with all other forms of sexual heresy, such as homosexuality, should have the same legal protection as political heresy. This protection is especially important to women, whose sexuality has been controlled by censorship through the centuries.
3. Viewing pornography may well have a cathartic effect on men who have violent urges toward women. If this is true, restricting pornography removes a protective barrier between women and abuse.
4. Legitimizing pornography would protect women sex workers, who are stigmatized by our society. Anti-pornography feminists are actually undermining the safety of sex workers when they treat them as 'indoctrinated women'. Dr. Leonore Tiefer, a professor of psychology observed in her essay "On Censorship and Women":
"These women have appealed to feminists for support, not rejection... Sex industry workers, like all women, are striving for economic survival and a decent life, and if feminism means anything it means sisterhood and solidarity with these women."
Spirituality & Sex
For thousands of years and among people all over the planet, sex has been used as a spiritual path. Spirituality often brings with it great complexity: the sexual relationship and sexuality itself are certainly impacted by religious heritage and the unique spiritual journeys of sexual partners.
When you stop to think about it, spirituality and sex have quite a bit in common:
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We seek and find transcendence in both — many people experience the ecstasy of orgasm as mystical, and many mystics work deeply with feelings of love that are inherently sexual.
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In a broader sense, both sex and spirituality evoke in us a feeling of magic. Many people who experience childbirth, for example, come away feeling it's as close to a miracle as they've ever encountered, not because it's "supernatural" but because it's completely natural and yet feels utterly, profoundly, awe-inspiringly miraculous.
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Both sex and spirituality are kind of scary at times — they make us so terribly vulnerable. The very intensity that attracts us also seems to threaten our ability to see clearly, stay in control, fit in.
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Sexual and spiritual goals and practices often seem quite similar. For example, common techniques in the BDSM community (BDSM stands for bondage, discipline or dominance, and sado-masochism) resemble traditional ascetic exercises for achieving ecstatic states, and often have exactly that effect on BDSM practitioners.
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Neither spirituality nor sexuality tend to be static in your life — in both cases, they look more like a path or pilgrimage that meanders through all kinds of unexpected places, bringing all kinds of unanticipated challenges, ordeals, and fantastic rewards.
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The most important commonality, though, is that both spirituality and sexuality are interior. They're important aspects of the uncharted wilderness that is your personal inner life. Personal doesn't necessarily mean private, of course — other people are often welcome to join you in your explorations — but your experiences there are always yours and yours alone.
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Commonly the concepts of sexuality and spirituality are merged under the umbrella of “tantric sex”. Tantra teaches that lovemaking between partners, when entered into with awareness, is a gateway to both sexual and spiritual ecstasy. Tantric sex is meditative, spontaneous and intimate lovemaking. Through it you learn to prolong the act of making love and to channel, rather than dissipate, potent orgasmic energies moving through you, thereby raising the level of your consciousness. Tantra transports your sexuality from the plane of doing to the place of being. There is no goal in Tantric sex, only the present moment of perfect and harmonious union. Tantra teaches you to revere your sexual partner and to transform the act of sex into a sacrament of love.
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As Tantra has become more popular in the West, it has undergone a major transformation which has made Western New Age appropriations of Tantra, more properly called Neo-tantra, very different from the original Tantric traditions of India. For most modern readers, "Tantra" has basically become a synonym for "spiritual sex" or "sacred sexuality", a belief that sex in itself ought to be recognized as a sacred act which is capable of elevating its participants to a higher spiritual plane. Though Neo-tantra may adopt many of the terms and concepts of Indian Tantra, the traditional reliance on extensive meditative practice and rules of conduct, both moral and ritual, have been discarded.
Sex Work
A sex worker is a person who earns money by providing sexual services.
The term is sometimes used as a synonym or euphemism for prostitution, but most scholars define "sex workers" to include individuals who perform sexual or sexually oriented activities in the sex industry, such as strippers, erotic massage therapists, pornography actors and actresses, and telephone sex workers. Depending on regional law, sex workers' activities may be regulated, controlled, or prohibited.
For example, prostitution is illegal in many countries, but is legal in the Netherlands, Belgium,
New Zealand, Germany, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Nevada. In most countries, even those where sex work is legal, sex workers are stigmatized and marginalized, which can prevent sex workers from seeking legal redress for discrimination (e.g. racial discrimination by a strip club owner), non-payment by a client, assault, or rape.
Sex worker advocates argue that sex workers should have the same basic human and labour rights as other working people. For example, the Canadian Guild for Erotic Labour calls for the legalization of sex work; the elimination of state regulations on sex work, which it deems are more repressive than those imposed on other workers and businesses; the right to recognition and protection under labour and employment laws; the right to form and join professional associations or unions (in order to engage in collective bargaining); and the right to travel and legally across borders to work. Also, the legalization of sex work would allow it to be carried out in better organized circumstances (e.g. legal brothels), where regulations (e.g. requiring condom use and regular health checkups for sex workers) could reduce the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Some sex-positive feminists believe that women and men can have positive experiences as sex workers, and that prostitution should be decriminalized. They argue that prostitution isn't necessarily bad for women if prostitutes are treated with respect and if the professions within sex work are destigmatized. Other sex-positive feminists hold a range of views on prostitution, with widely varying views on prostitution as it relates to class, race, human trafficking, and many other issues. Sex-positive feminists generally agree that prostitutes themselves should not be stigmatized or penalized.
The International Union of Sex Workers asserts that sex work is beneficial to society because:
1) Prostitutes can make the world safer for women.
Rather than encourage rape, prostitutes are there for people who have a strong sex drive and cannot find anyone to have sex with. They cope with all those with confused and repressed sexualities, removing the risk of attack they cause to other women.
2) Prostitutes can relieve those who cannot masturbate.
People with weak, short, or no arms may live in perpetual sexual frustration unless they have somebody who will help them out or the money to pay a prostitute. Denying them the opportunity to pay for what other people take for granted is denying them absolute human rights.
3) Prostitutes provide orgasms.
Some people find it impossible to have an orgasm without expert stimulation, be this physical or mental. Women may be so inhibited that only visiting a prostitute will work for her. Men might have fetishes which need to be enacted before they can reach a really great orgasm.
4) Prostitutes become experts who can offer high quality sex.
If there was not such a stigma, everyone would want to visit prostitutes for erotic inspiration and self indulgence. They provide the chance for new experiences without entering a new relationship which many people find of enormous value at certain stages of their lives. In some cultures, it is customary for all young men to learn about sex from the local prostitutes before they have sex with other women.
5) Prostitution is the oldest profession and should be respected.
Like any other profession, there are the experts, the specialists, the “all-rounders”, the scoundrels and the bad people who need hounding out. Bad people ruin the reputation of the industry and must be eliminated — this is where the law should contribute.
Whores in the temples of ancient civilizations were regarded as goddesses. In more recent times, Christians promoting chastity and feminists warning women that men are up to no good, prostitutes have become monsters in the eyes of society, with all the men who frequent them mysteriously coming from the other side of the track. In reality, most prostitutes are mothers too. Their clients are fathers, too. Today's whores are still providing the same holy nourishment, but society refuses to recognize their power, wisdom, skills, and spirituality.
Prostitutes call themselves all kinds of names, from whore to therapist, slut to Tantric teacher, hostess to surrogate. Each has their own style but when you listen to what they actually do, most provide approximately the same range of services. They act as listeners (to everyone in pain, including sufferers of child sexual abuse); pacifiers (often of the same); substitute mothers, sisters, and brothers; they enact fantasies; dominate to force those who are normally in control in their work and social lives to play submissive; whores may also play sub.
Prostitutes fulfill all kinds of roles: from a quick hand-job behind a carrier bag in the park, to dinner and all night bed companion, to "girlfriend" for a month's holiday. Depending where and who they are, they may get paid anything from 50p round the back of the shed, to £10,000 for a night in the Sultan's palace. Some do this with grace and love, others with one eye on the clock and the other eye on his wallet, hoping to steal it. There are sex workers who can actually adapt their mind sets to "fall in love" with each client, in order to give them maximum benefit of the time spent. There are others who despise all clients and play tricks to make them come fast.
6) It can be a satisfying job.
The fact is that a growing number of women are switching to work in sex rather than in other jobs because they find it gives them more freedom and job satisfaction. You chose your hours, you make more money per hour than most of your friends, and you spend your time giving pleasure (and often receiving it too).
Some women who may once have opted for a career in nursing find it more satisfying offering a caring, "hands on" service caring for people's personal needs. So many people in society have never been touched with care, nor had their emotional needs catered to.
Sex work allows caring individuals to offer such services and they often just advertise as a prostitute because this is the easiest way to make a living.
7) Many Men Need Teaching.
Sociologists recognize that many men pay for sexual gratification and emotional solace because they have not yet learned to find either elsewhere. Many shy, socially phobic, and disabled men rely on prostitutes to teach them how to gain a positive body image, seduce, and make love. The book Shadow Syndromes by John J Ratey and Catherine Johnson identifies a high incidence of minor forms of Asperger’s Syndrome in males in Western cultures, which means that they can't respond to normal invitations of emotional bonding and socialization.
8) Prostitution enables many women to liberate themselves.
It is not uncommon for women to enter the sex industry in order to establish their own sexual identity. Belle du Jour was a classic. There are many situations where women decide to enter sex work because it seems to be the only way they can throw their sexual repressive background to the wall. They usually have to keep quiet about it and never identify themselves publicly.
9) Prostitution provides a better alternative to starving or stealing.
When a woman is desperate to feed herself and her children (or a drug habit) and has no other income, prostitution is often the best option for her. One woman is quoted as saying that working as a street worker to provide the money to buy heroin for herself and her partner is better than him going out thieving because he might get a long prison sentence.
10) Prostitutes may be subversive.
Many women feel that offering pleasure in a situation which is against the law, in an environment where most of society would be shocked, to be a subversive act. Most keep quiet about their little secret but International Sex Workers Union activist Rona is supported by her company director husband Barry, and was crowned Bonk of England during the City of London J18 riots.
11) Prostitutes Educate.
Prostitutes provide a service where people can learn. A young person can learn about their orientation and how to become a good lover. A couple can experiment with group sex. Isolated people can learn how to become intimate, people can learn about S/M and explore their submissive or dominant sides.
12) Prostitutes provide fun.
They offer a service of pleasure. In countries where women are allowed to work together, there are clubs where people go along for an orgy: sex parties with several prostitutes and a group of clients. People enjoy visiting prostitutes for a lighthearted yet intensely erotic experiences, which may be very difficult to find elsewhere.
13) Prostitution is good for mental health.
Comforting sex without ties is excellent for mental health, soothing the nervous system, and helping the client improve their sense of well being.
14) Prostitution can cure problems.
People with social disabilities, such as people who stammer, can be helped to overcome their problems by loving attention and uncovering anxieties. People who have been sexually abused as children often need a lot of patient body work to overcome sexual difficulties and prostitutes are invaluable in this work.
15) Sex Work can be empowering.
People gain personal strength from selling their bodies because their clients worship and admire them, they have as much sex as they want and they defy traditional mores and roles imposed on them. Often prostitutes are extremely healthy, playful, creative, adventurous, and independent women.
1Adapted from “Oral Sex for Women”, retrieved from http://www.luckymojo.com/faqs/altsex/cunni.html
2Adapted from “Oral Sex for Men”, retrieved from http://www.luckymojo.com/faqs/altsex/fella.html
3Sources: “Female Ejaculation” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_ejaculation) and “The G-Spot” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-spot) in Wikipedia.
4Source: “Ten Rules of Anal Sex”, retrieved from http://www.sexuality.org/authors/morin/analrule.html
5Sources: “Watersports” at rotten.com (http://www.rotten.com/library/sex/watersports/), “Coprophilia” at Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprophilia), “Blood Fetish” at Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_fetish), “Is It Safe for Your Partner to Taste Your Breastmilk?” at parenting.ivillage.com (http://parenting.ivillage.com/baby/bbreastfeed/0,,6qnp,00.html).
6Sources: “A Feminist Overview of Pornography”, by Wendy McElroy (http://www.zetetics.com/mac/freeinqu.htm), “Pornography” at Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography),
7Sources: “Sex and Spirit” (http://www.sex-is-sacred.org/spirit.htm), “Sex Therapy: Sexuality and Spirituality” (https://c2k.valenciacc.edu/CourseListing.asp?master_id=724&master_version =1&course_area=CNH&course_number=82930&course_subtitle=00), “Sex and Spirituality” (http://www.healthyspirituality.com/lpsex.htm), “What is Tantric Sex?” (http://www.tantra.com/mission/lacroix.html).
8Sources: “Sex-Positive Feminism” at Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism), “Sex Worker” at Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_worker), “Recommendations for Political Policy”, International Union of Sex Workers (http://www.iusw.org/policy/index.html).
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